Local Crime Prevention Program Colonial Heights Senior Citizens Crime Prevention

Introduction For as long as the human civilization has existed, there have always been those members of the society who have engaged in criminal activities. These misdeeds which affect the rest of the community negatively have resulted in the formation of the police force and other agencies charged with combating crime.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Local Crime Prevention Program: Colonial Heights’ Senior Citizens Crime Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While this apparatus have had a favorable impact in reducing crime, they are not enough to solve the crime problems of the community. For this reason, Local Crime Prevention groups have sprung up all over the country to help in the reducing of local crime. Local Crime Prevention is based on the understanding that police and other government agencies alone cannot control crime in the country and the members of the community must play an active role in mitigating crime levels in their locality. Most of these crime prevention groups have programs which articulate the purpose of the group, and teach the members useful skills in crime fighting or prevention in their community. This paper will perform an elaborate analysis on one local crime prevention program in America. The paper will them proceed to discuss the inherent strengths and weaknesses of the program as well as the moral astuteness of the program. Crime Prevention Program Name The name of the program is Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University and it is open to the residents of Colonial Heights, Virginia. This program is especially structured for the senior citizens and is based on the fact that older people are more fearful of crime as compared to the other members of the community. O’Block, Donnermeyer and Doeren (2001) hypothesize that the reason for this accentuated fear is the perception by the older people that crime has a greater impact on t hem, both physically and/or economically. Components of the program This program is offered free of charge to senior citizens (persons aged 55 years and older) who reside in Colonial Heights or operate businesses in the location. The program is jointly sponsored by the Colonial Heights TRIAD, Colonial Heights Police Department, and Colonial Heights Sheriff’s Office (Colonial Heights Police, 2010). The program runs for 8 to 10 weeks and is arranged into 13 sessions, which cover various aspects of life that may be relevant for the participants, ranging from; police work, emergency services, legal issues, fire fighting to neighborhood watch and other important issues pertaining crime. Owing to the expansive nature of the lessons taught in the Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University, there are a number of varying professionals who engage in the tutorage. The Colonial Heights Police Department in particular plays a very significant role in lessons regarding the role of law enf orcement in the city.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The police also provide information on Neighborhood Watch and other neighborhood programs which the attendees of the SCCPU program can join. The senior citizens are also advised on how to go about beginning such programs in their neighborhoods. In court and legal matters, the program invites a Colonial Heights Bar Association member who addresses the legal topics such as wills, estate planning and trusts. The session on fire fighting is covered by the personnel from the Colonial Heights Fire and EMS. Health professionals are also part of the trainers in the SCCPU. They provide information on conditions such as mental health that the seniors are prone to and emphasis on potential victimization that may occur to those affected. The attendees are also given training on offering Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation. Philosophy and goals of the program No police department can function effectively without the concerned assistance of responsible citizens (Fennelly, 2003). For this reason, the police department of Colonial Heights together with other relevant stakeholders provides local crime prevention classes for the senior citizens for the mutual benefit of all the parties involved. The main rationale for this program is the fact that senior citizens are obvious targets of crime due to their age (Walsh, 2000). The vulnerability that is inherent in most senior citizens makes them especially prone to crimes such as: fraud, scams, physical assault to name but a few. The purpose of the program is to empower the senior citizens so as to reduce the odds of their falling prey of these crimes. The program makes the participants more aware of their surrounding which results in lower crime rates perpetrated against them. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Program One strength of this program is that it empowers the senio r citizens by giving them vital information which helps them to prevent crime by making them more aware. Having awareness of preventive techniques can help an individual to spot a potential crime situation and therefore take measures to remove the risk or at the least reduce its risk (NCPC, 2010). The program also boasts the esteem of the senior citizens since they no longer feel week and vulnerable as a result of the knowledge that they gather from the program. The program also equips the participants to start up their own neighborhood crime prevention programs which assist the communities from which they hail. In addition to crime prevention, the program covers issues such as drafting of wills and establishing of trust funds. This is very vital information for the senior citizens as it helps them plan their lives better. Arguably the biggest weakness of the program is the age restriction that it imposes on its participants resulting in only senior citizens being eligible to the pr ogram. This is a setback since the senior citizens (who are mostly the vulnerable members of the society) cannot form bonds with other members of the community who can greatly assist in crime prevention.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Local Crime Prevention Program: Colonial Heights’ Senior Citizens Crime Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, the resource pool for the senior citizens is restricted to the old people and as such they lack an opportunity to learn of current trends of crime from the younger generation who may be more exposed to it. Ethical Issues Ethically, the program offered by Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University is sound. This is because they present material that is relevant to the participants. Information such as; wills, trusts and power of attorney is relevant to the senior citizens who are most likely to be drafting wills or setting up trus ts for their children. The lessons on fraud are also relevant since the senior citizens are targeted by confidence tricksters. Achieving this is simple since all the participants are in the same age bracket as well as residents of the same community. The teachers are also locals which mean that the likelihood of a breach of conduct due to ignorance on the local norms or tradition is minimized. Also, most of the subject matter covered in the teaching is of a non-controversial and non-sensitive therefore making ethics a non issue. Effectiveness of the program The popularity of the programs offered by Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University in Colonial Heights is phenomenal. This can be deduced from the fact that all the classes that are offered are booked to capacity (Colonial Heights Police, 2010). This demonstrates that the senior citizens of Colonial Heights are convinced of the practicality of the lessons offered in the programs and therefore ensure that they are a part of the lessons. Correa reveals that the seniors feel empowered as a result of the program therefore accentuating its effectiveness. In addition to the benefits that the senior citizens gain from the program, the police force also gains in terms of improved public relations. Correa (2010) reveals that the program brings about interaction of the policemen with the citizens therefore fostering a cordial relationship as well as a positive outlook of the police force and their work by the members of the public. This makes the work of the police more effective since they have the support of the senior residents of Colonial Heights. Conclusion This paper set out to give an analysis of a crime prevention group program. To achieve this, an analysis of the Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University has been undertaken. The components of this program, its philosophy, goals and its strengths and weaknesses have been highlighted.Advertising Looking for research paper on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the information presented herein, it is evident that the program is highly successful in achieving its primary goals and as such, many senior residents in Colonial Heights have participated in the program. This paper has shown that the Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University is responsible for reducing the chances of seniors becoming victims of crime. However, the program has a weakness in that it does not accommodate other members of the society (other than the seniors) therefore reducing its effectiveness and impact on the society. Despite this setback, the program has a lot of advantages and makes a positive contribution in not only dealing with crime against the senior citizens but also in improving the quality of their lives. References Colonial Heights Police (2010). Senior Citizens Crime Prevention University. Web. Correa, M. (2010). Senior Citizens Learn About Police Department. NBC News. Web. Fennelly, L. J. (2003). Handbook of Loss Prevention and Crime Prevention. Butterworth-Heinemann. National Capital Planning Commission (2010). Senior Citizens. Web. O’Block, L, R., Donnermeyer, J. F. Doeren, S. E. (2002). Security and Crime Prevention. Butterworth-Heinemann. Walsh, B. (2000). Crime Prevention: A Shared Responsibility. Brooking Institute Press. This research paper on Local Crime Prevention Program: Colonial Heights’ Senior Citizens Crime Prevention was written and submitted by user Samson L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin

UNCLE TOMS CABIN-SUMMARY The book starts out where Uncle Tom is sold to a trader because of his owner’s debts. Mr. Shelby is the owner of Uncle Tom and many other slaves. He saves a girl's life, Eva, while on a boat, and her father buys him. He spends several years in New Orleans at their house. While he was there he helped St. Clare, the father, find God. When Eva and St. Clare die, he is sold to an evil plantation owner. On the plantation, he continues to be pious, even when everything seems to have turned from God. He helps two women escape and is beaten to death, but gets to see his original master's son before he dies. At the same time that Uncle Tom was sold, Eliza and Harry, two other slaves of Mr. Shelby, escape upon learning that their owner intended to sell Harry, Eliza's son. They meet George, Eliza's husband who is also escaping, and, with much help from the Quakers, make it into Canada. One of the women from the plantation is Eliza's mother. They meet another woman, George's Sister, and g o to Canada to see their family. The entire family eventually goes to Africa to start a new nation. These two plots contrast. Uncle Tom's story is an example of a bondage narrative, while the other plots are examples of freedom narratives. Weaving these two opposing stories together enabled Stowe to reveal the horrors of slavery through Tom's decline, while keeping the inspiring plot of possibilities with the escape of Eliza and George and Cassy and Emmeline. The story begins in Kentucky. The Shelby family owns a house in Kentucky with a farm and slaves, including Tom. After Tom has been sold, the story still flashes back to Kentucky telling about the letter that Tom wrote to Chloe and how she worked to try to make money to buy back her husband. Mas'r George, the young master, is growing up throughout the beginning of the book and at the end leaves Kentucky to go to the plantation to find Tom. When he returns he sets his slaves free. Thr... Free Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin Free Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin Modern research seems to prove what novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe said with her 1859 novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The dehumanizing experience of slavery affects every member of society. Many African American humans were really affected by slavery. Slavery was a problem that faced all Americans in the years prior to the American Civil War. Many Americans wanted to bring about an end to it but were unable to come up with a workable plan. Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade-Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in that is now called the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. Slavery was a practice which was much favored by the South. In the North, Americans were more industrial oriented, and had little use for slaves. The woman slaves usually worked in the homes, cooking and cleaning, whereas the men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Slaves were of all ages and sexes so the young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. The slaves made up nearly a third of the South’s population around the year of 1860. Their was nearly 4 million slaves in the southern states. As you can see slavery was very common in the southern states. George Washington was America’s hero. He was America’s first president. He was a slave owner. He deplored slavery but did not release his slaves. His will stated that they would be released after the death of his wife. Washington wasn’t the only president to have slaves. Thomas Jefferson wrote, "All men are created equal," but died leaving his blacks in slavery. Owners housed their slaves and provided them with food and clothing. Field hands worked long hard days, longer than any other slaves. Their workday generally lasted from sunrise... Free Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin UNCLE TOMS CABIN-SUMMARY The book starts out where Uncle Tom is sold to a trader because of his owner’s debts. Mr. Shelby is the owner of Uncle Tom and many other slaves. He saves a girl's life, Eva, while on a boat, and her father buys him. He spends several years in New Orleans at their house. While he was there he helped St. Clare, the father, find God. When Eva and St. Clare die, he is sold to an evil plantation owner. On the plantation, he continues to be pious, even when everything seems to have turned from God. He helps two women escape and is beaten to death, but gets to see his original master's son before he dies. At the same time that Uncle Tom was sold, Eliza and Harry, two other slaves of Mr. Shelby, escape upon learning that their owner intended to sell Harry, Eliza's son. They meet George, Eliza's husband who is also escaping, and, with much help from the Quakers, make it into Canada. One of the women from the plantation is Eliza's mother. They meet another woman, George's Sister, and g o to Canada to see their family. The entire family eventually goes to Africa to start a new nation. These two plots contrast. Uncle Tom's story is an example of a bondage narrative, while the other plots are examples of freedom narratives. Weaving these two opposing stories together enabled Stowe to reveal the horrors of slavery through Tom's decline, while keeping the inspiring plot of possibilities with the escape of Eliza and George and Cassy and Emmeline. The story begins in Kentucky. The Shelby family owns a house in Kentucky with a farm and slaves, including Tom. After Tom has been sold, the story still flashes back to Kentucky telling about the letter that Tom wrote to Chloe and how she worked to try to make money to buy back her husband. Mas'r George, the young master, is growing up throughout the beginning of the book and at the end leaves Kentucky to go to the plantation to find Tom. When he returns he sets his slaves free. Thr... Free Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin Rationalism Published during the mid 1800’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a controversial book among both Northerners and Southerners due to it’s anti-slavery issues, but it also provided a point for slavery. This book was one of the first works of literature that provided the north with which they thought was an accurate look at the institution of slavery. It however was fairly accurate, taking into account that Harriet Beecher Stowe had never visited the south, she had only heard what slavery was like from second hand accounts from run away slaves, which gave the book a anti-slavery feel, it still gave the south the chance to make the argument that slaves were actually treated quite well because they were an investment that their masters took care of, it also helped abolitionists spread the argument that slavery was un-moral and inhumane. This book came at a very volatile time in history, both the northerner and southern states need a a small reason to explode on one another. The book while telling of such true events such as the slave trade in which families were torn apart by the highest bidder. It also told of poor treatment of slaves, in which some cases were true, however for the most part slaves were treated quite well, because they were â€Å"machinery† that could be sold again and made a profit from. While some northerners had felt that slavery was inhumane, after Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published it helped to fuel the growing movement of abolitionists in the north, as well as further the already large gap in the different sections of the country. People in the north, not knowing any better took this book as fact, and felt that it was their duty to put an end to this brutal practice of splitting up families, as well as stopping the cruel treatment of slaves, just to make more money. The south on the other hand took this book as fibs, the slave trade they also felt was somewhat heartless, but this was the only way... Free Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin Throughout the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin the setting changes.It starts out in Kentucky.Tom is later sold to New Orleans and then to a plantation up the Red River.At each new place Tom goes his faith in God is put to the test,but Tom stays pious and refuses to turn away from God.In Kentucky Tom is owned by Andy Shelby,a kindly master,who has fallen in to debt and is forced to sell his slaves.Tom is sold to a slave trader named Haley.He ends up in New Orleans in the possession of a romantic and flighty man by the name of St.Clare. After the unfortunate death of St.Clare and his daughter Tom is sold to a wicked plantation owner,Simon Legree,up the Red River. The main character in Uncle Tom’s Cabin is Uncle Tom.He is a kindly, uncommonly honest and over all a good man.Tom maintains his faith in God although it is often tested.He is an obedient and hard working slave.He endures his fate while helping others in need escape theirs.He befriends other slaves who want to escape in Canada.He has a wife named Aunt Chloe who is the Shelby’s cook.She too is a very good and pious person.Who vows to buy back Tom when he is sold and works hard to try to do so. There is also Eliza,the Shelby’s maid and her son Harry,who she learns is being sold to the slave trader along with Uncle Tom.She is pain stricken to think that she my be separated from her son and asks Tom for help. Andy’s wife is against slavery and begs Andy not to sell Harry.She is pleased with Eliza and Harry’s escape. When Eilza appeals to Tom for help he advises that she along with her son run and the two quietly slip into the night.Though Tom decides he will not do the same.Andy’s wife who is against slavery and begged Andy not to sell Harry is pleased with Eliza and Harry’s escape. Soon after the search for Eliza and Harry begins.The slave trader,Haley,along with two slaves track Eliza down but she narrowly escapes by jumping into a river.Haley then hires a slav...

Women Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women Studies - Essay Example The author would like the reader to walk away from reading this book with an understanding of feminism, that is not just local or national but international as well. She takes "the perspective that cultural diversity must be respected but that it must not be used to excuse the maltreatment of women" (p.5). She wants the reader to understand that although what a woman in one culture might take for granted as a right might be something a woman in another culture is still fighting for but it does not make it any less of an issue under feminism. Burn wants to "give you some overall sense of the varieties of issues affecting women and the variety of their response, and how both these are affected by culture and women's roles as reproducers" (p.5). 1. The study of lesbianism is important to the topic of women across cultures because almost every country in the world has a lesbian sub-culture living somewhere in it, whether they want to admit it or not. The consequences of proclaiming yourself to be lesbian can be emotionally trying especially in societies that have very strict social roles that are to be maintained. Numerous countries deny having any problems with lesbianism because they have laws that outlaw it so it cannot possible exist.

Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility of Levis Strauss Research Paper - 5

Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility of Levis Strauss - Research Paper Example Levi’s Strauss & Co (n.d.) strongly believes that its business can flourish based on its principles built on company values and its employees.   LS&CO’s values include empathy, originality, integrity, and courage. Its vision states, â€Å"We are the embodiment of the energy and events of our times, inspiring people with a pioneering spirit† (Levi Strauss & CO, n.d.). As pointed by our Chief Legal Officer, Hilary Krane (n.d), â€Å"for LS&CO., corporate citizenship is based on a strong belief that the company can help shape society through civic engagement and community involvement, responsible labor and workplace practices, philanthropy, ethical conduct, environmental stewardship, and transparency.† This is clearly indicative of the extent and amount of efforts LS&CO puts in towards achieving and maintaining CSR initiatives; moreover, our value attached to corporate citizenship encompasses all principles outlined by the UN Global Compact.  With respect to energy and climate issues, Levi Strauss hopes to reach carbon neutrality and is encouraging government policymakers to help companies reach carbon neutrality faster and at the lower cost. Our recommendations towards the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation: 1. Introduce the active promotion of diversity management at the organizational culture level. By introducing referral schemes for employees that will bring people from diverse backgrounds. b. By introducing better human resources practices in terms of pay, benefits, rewards, and recognition. 2. Involve actively in the promotion of wellbeing of the civic population by a. Involving actively in encouraging others to include members of invisible minorities like the LGBT community. b. Providing safe working conditions for pregnant women and the disabled through work practices, safe environment as well as safety equipment for the disabled. Secondly, towards undertaking initiatives to promote greate r environmental responsibility, we recommend to:  1. Introduce changes to the supply chain management system by a. Optimizing transportation from suppliers. b. Minimal packaging of supplies. 2. Promote awareness and affiliation towards environmental responsibility among external stakeholders by a. Measuring external stakeholders’ effectiveness in improving the green initiative. b. Rewarding and recognizing the top achievers of green initiative. Martin-Ortega and Wallace point that Levi’s code of conduct is considered as one of the first corporate code that defines ethics and labor rights in management contexts that were formed many decades ago ( 2007 p.313).

Why Culture is Everything for Remote Teams Essay Example for Free

Why Culture is Everything for Remote Teams Essay Earlier this year I participated in a group to plan the Long Service Awards for the NHS. I am going to look at the group dynamics through the Tuckman Guide to Group Dynamics. Each year our NHS trust gives out Long Service Awards to staff who have 20,30 or 40 years service with the NHS. The awards are given out at a celebration buffet by our Chairman and the Executive Directors are in attendance. In order to prepare for the event, the HR assistants come together as a group with the band 4 in charge of the project. This year as part of my development I was in charge of the project. I had to bring the groups together and got through all the tasks from receiving the staff lists, organizing the event to being there on the day to make sure everything runs smoothly. Forming The team met and I explained the process of the Long Service awards, the different stages, and time frames. As a lot of the HRAs where new to the role, a lot of support was needed The HRA’s where each gives the staff for the Divisional Business Unit and the first stage would be to check all the staff on the list for 20,30 40 years services and contact them. I explained that this needs to be completed by the end of January so that numbers could be calculated to order for us to book the Room, Food, Frames, and certificates. Storming The team went back to their relevant DBUs and started to check staff service history and then contact staff. I found that at this time the HRA’s where at different stages. Some of the DBU’s where larger than others and so some HRA’s had more work but when they asked for help from others with less staff, the others would not help which caused conflict and negativity. We met up again to discuss what was happening and to make sure team was working and to see what we could do about the team members who had more work and to talk about more collaboration within the team. Norming We started meeting more and the team members got more involved making suggestions. I delegated out parts of the project. To the team and they were more focused and knew what needed to be done. I delegated out parts of the projects (i.e. checking on the prices of frames, vouchers, rooms, and food to get the best value for money). Performing On the day of the event, we arrived early to set up and make sure that everything arrived on time ticking items of on the checklist as they arrived. The awards were a great success, 120 staff showed up, there were a few issues which we dealt with on the day, where staff at gotten the wrong amount of years but all the staff enjoyed themselves. Adjourning At the end of the event, the executive Director congratulated us saying how everyone had to enjoy themselves. We pack up and went back to the office to sort through the rest of the certificates and vouchers for the staff who had not been able to attend and to talk through what we did that worked and what needed improvement. The major thing that did come out was more communication and meetings at the beginning to make sure the team knew what was expected of them and so help us all work as a team. Whilst the team was working on the Long Service Awards we had a few conflicts with the team. The first was at the beginning when staff that had smaller staff lists would not help those that had the larger lists. I resolved this using the collaborating mode of the Thomas Kilman Instrument, bringing the group back together and talking through the issues. Asking staff who had the capacity to help others. The second was later when we were meeting more often, one of the team did not drive and so it was talking her 1 Â ½ hours each way for meetings. This was resolved by using the compromising mode of the Thomas Kilman instrument by moving the meetings around the footprint of the Trust in the separate DBUs not just at Trust HQ and checking to see if any staff could offer lifts when required.

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement

Counter Culture of the US Hippie Movement What was the counter culture that was created in the USA during the Hippie Movement? Americans were motivated by the Vietnam War, racial injustice, fear of nuclear destruction, and the materialism of capitalist society to start rebelling against authority and start what would be known as the 1960s counterculture. Many were also inspired by people such as John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi. The Hippie movement started during the 1960s, when young middle class men and women questioned America’s materialism and cultural and political norms. Seeking a better world, the 1960s Hippie movement began, and with it, the counter culture. The counterculture of the 1960s began in the United States as a result of the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the Cold War, and the intervention in Vietnam of the military. The counter culture consisted in questioning political and cultural norms, new music, having religions outside Judeo-Christian tradition, the want for peace, more environmental awareness, changes in attitude about gender roles, less con cern about marriage and physical appearance and the search for a utopian lifestyle. William Braden, a contemporary observer said, the era of the 1960s was an age of Aquarius that heralded a new American identity-a collective identity that will be blacker, more feminine, more oriental, more emotional, more intuitive, more exuberant and better than the old one. The counterculture made American society change; it was a step closer to society as we know it today. As a result of the strict and conservative education that many parents were inflicting in their children in the 1950s, many young people decided to go against social norms and seek for freedom. With this counter culture they seeked change for the society they lived in and for societies of the future. These young people became known as hippies. They also wanted everyone to be free and to be tolerant of other races and cultures. They wanted to live in a peaceful and shared community. Many embraced psychedelic drugs and smoked marijuana in public to go against the authorities. Hippies caused various riots and movement in expensive and reputable universities in order to have more publicity. Movements such as the free speech movement in University of California, Berkeley became an effective way of challenging authorities and get full coverage on the media. Riots were against foreign policies, due to the Vietnam War, their purpose was to make it known that wars were ineffective and not wor th it. This upset many people such as workers, one said, Here were those kids, rich kids who could go to college, didnt have to fight, they are telling you your son died in vain. It makes you feel your whole life is shit, just nothing. Truth is, hippies wanted to make a change, so they rioted and made movements to get their views of freedom, peace and love known. An important factor that was part of the counter culture that the hippies started was music, different kinds of music were beginning to open up to the world during the 1960s as a way to show freedom. Many festivals and concerts took place during the 1960s to reflect this counter culture, the most important one, however, is The Woodstock Music and Art Fair, held in upstate New York in August 1969. For the hippies this meant, three days of generosity, peace, great music, liberation, and expanding consciousness, and for the conservatists of the time it meant three days of self-indulgence, noise, promiscuity, and illegal drug use. The promoters were expecting a lot of people but not the 300,000 to 400,000 people who attended. Rock music and bands were starting to get more popular with groups such as The Beatles which reflected the youths emphasis on change and experimentation. Singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin who talked about change, freedom and peace in their songs also emphas ized the hippies want for change and freedom. With his song Blowin in the Wind Bob Dylan was able to make protest songs number one hits. Its lyrics say, How many times must the cannonballs fly, before they’re forever banned? †¦How many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died? Music was a way of expressing thoughts and this was what the counter culture was all about, people started listening to songs that talked about poverty, war, and everyday issues that hippies wanted to change. Hippies looked for change, this also included change of religion, and they were sick of the traditional Judeo-Christian religion and started to look for other religions that resembled their beliefs. Many hippies converted to religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Native American religious culture. They thought that these religions would give them inner peace and it made them stand out and break away from the traditional religion that their parents followed. They looked for meditation, yoga, and mysticism in these religions in order to have a peaceful and calm mind. This was a change because before these religions were only popular in Asia and this was another way for the hippies to reach inner fulfillment. The motto of the Hippie movement, is with no doubts peace, love and freedom. Hippies had anti war protests in many knowned colleges around the United States, such as Berkeley college, or they would protest in front of the White House saying antiwar slogans such as, Hey, hey, LBJ,(referring to Lyndon Baines Johnson the 36th President of the United States) how many kids did you kill today? or chanting Hell no, we won’t go! when security would try to make them leave. The largest anti-war demonstration in history was held when 250,000 people marched from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, once again, showing the unity of youth. There were also anti-war movies such as Dr. Strangelove, directed by Stanley Kubricks this movie ridicules the excesses of the Cold War, and was an anti-war film. Books were not left behind in the anti-war movement. Joseph Heller published Catch-22, a novel about the inanities of the military in World War II. Hippies did not believe in war. They though t that it caused deaths for no reason, since there was no reason to fight for; they believed that everything could be solved by peaceful ways. The counter culture of the 1960s also included a great part of environmental awareness. Many people started to care more about ecology and wanted to find out ways of how to help it. This is due to the work of Marsh and Hà ¤ckel, it made environmental awareness sprout and it achieved environmental reforms being passed. Books also made people more aware of the environment. Rachels Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 gave an eloquent warning against pesticides and environmental pollution. Rachel Carson said, Like the resource it seeks to protect, wildlife conservation must be dynamic, changing as conditions change, seeking always to become more effective. This message made Americans care more about the Earth and study it more. Environmental concern then became a popular social movement. As a result of the growing concern for the environment and the critiques the government was getting due to the destruction of forests. Many legislative reforms took place in this decade, the most impo rtant and the ones who helped the most were the Wilderness Act of 1964 and the Endangered Species Act of 1967. These acts signaled a new era of environmental consciousness due to the belief that man was not the owner of the earth but was just a guest. The Wilderness Act said that humans were no more than â€Å"visitors† on land, and the Endangered Species Act, alleged that, nonhuman beings were granted the legal right to exist. The 1960s movement for environmental preservation is a confirmation of how aware people became of the environment. Women in the 1950s were expected to be good mothers and wives, but women in the 1960s were the total opposite, they craved for a change in gender roles, to have freedom and will to do what they liked. This desire came with a new decade in which revolution and social change was taking place. Many women started to challenge the authority of their parents by wearing short miniskirts, smoking and drinking in public, much like the flappers of the 1920s, but with the exception that the skirts were much shorter and what they smoked were not only cigarettes. These actions, though they stirred controversy, it was not the greatest challenge against conservatives; women would live openly with men before marriage, and many also joined the work force, as a way to defy traditional ideas. All these women were inspired by Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique which was a book that was a huge seller, and it helped initiate a renaissance of feminism. The Feminine Mystique argued that women should be al lowed to find their own identity, and not just be limited to the roles of wife and mother. Betty Friedans said, When she stopped conforming to the conventional picture of femininity she finally began to enjoy being a woman. This statement was actually very powerful, since it initiated many women to fight for their right and stand out from the traditional image of being mothers and wives. In 1966, a new organization for woman was created in order to address issues such as having federal aid for day-care centers for working mothers who did not want to leave their babies alone and had no one to care for them. It also guaranteed women the right to an abortion if they did not want to have a baby, and they also worked on eliminating gender-based job discrimination, including equal pay and equal opportunities in labor force. This organization was the National Organization for Women ( NOW.) The 1960s counterculture included the liberation of women and a new found freedom for them, for the f irst time, women were stepping out of traditional ideas and fighting for equality in the work force. The counter culture of the 1960s also initiated a sexual revolution, in which people were much more open about sex and sexual ideas. The pill was put into use during this decade and it assisted the spread of the sexual revolution. The use of other birth control measures, such as diaphragms and IUDs, also increased. The famous magazine Playboy introduced its Playboy Adviser column. This column offered explicit advice and guidance to readers who seeked new and more imaginative ways of having sexual intercourse. Soon, books and magazines started to include sex and sex discussions in their pages. Helen Gurley Brown wrote Sex and the Single Girl, which was a message of female sexual liberation that it later became Cosmopolitan magazine. Plays also played a great part in the sexual revolution, Hair was a rock musical that featured frontal nudity, the play became a hit in New York and it was proof that times were changing. Giving in to change, sex shops were legalized in the 1960s, though t hey were restricted to men, it was still a great change for the time. Many people started to be more open minded, and the idea that a woman would not be able to find a husband if she was not a virgin, became absurd. With people being more open minded about sex, new sexual preferences started to become known such as homosexuals and lesbians. Although they were not fully accepted they started to push for rights and they achieved more than in the past decades. People started to be more casual about sex and less uncomfortable in discussing it. Before the 1960s the word pregnant was forbidden on television. The sexual revolution was a huge part of the 1960s counter culture, because most of the changes that occurred in that time were because of this revolution. Though The â€Å"Summer of Love† took place over thirty yearsago, its message is still significant and crucial to know and understand about the 1960s counterculture that the hippies incited. We get an idea of this with Abbie Hoffmans words, she said : â€Å"We are here to make a better world. No amount of rationalization or blaming can preempt the moment of choice each of us brings to our situation here on this planet. The lesson of the 60†²s is that people who cared enough to do right could change history. We didn’t end racism but we ended legal segregation. We ended the idea that you could send half-a-million soldiers around the world to fight a war that people do not support. We ended the idea that women are second-class citizens. We made the environment an issue that couldn’t be avoided. The big battles that we won cannot be reversed. We were young, self-righteous, reckless, hypocritical, brave, silly, headstrong and scared half to death. And we were right.† â€Å"Counterculture of the Sixties†- North Hagerstown High School A.P. U.S. History http://library.thinkquest.org/27942/counter.htm Primary source: Haight-Ashbury Maverick, â€Å"Notes to Tourists: Roll Down Your Windows,† newspaper article, 1967.

Rawshans Bakery (RB) Essay

1.Executive Summary 1.1Introduction Rawshans Bakery(RB) is a start-up coffee and bakery retail establishment located in Azimpur Dhaka. RB expects to catch the interest of a regular loyal customer base with its broad variety of coffee and pastry products. The company plans to build a strong market position in the town, due to the partners’ industry experience and mild competitive climate in the area. 2.Description Of Business RB is incorporated in the City of Dhaka. It is equally owned and managed by its two partners. 2.1Products and Services RB offers a broad range of coffee and espresso products, all from high quality Columbian grown imported coffee beans. RB caters to all of its customers by providing each customer coffee and espresso products made to suit the customer, down to the smallest detail. The bakery provides freshly prepared bakery and pastry products at all times during business operations. Six to eight moderate batches of bakery and pastry products are prepared during the day to assure fresh baked goods are always available. 2.2Mission RB aims to offer high quality coffee, espresso, and pastry products at a competitive price to meet the demand of the middle- to upper middle-income local market area residents. 2.3Keys to Success Keys to success for RB will include: 1. Providing the highest quality product with personal customer service. 2. Competitive pricing. 3.Production Plan RB offers a broad range of coffee and espresso products, all from high quality Columbian grown imported coffee beans. RB caters to all of its customers by providing each customer coffee and espresso products made to suit the customer, down to the smallest detail. The bakery provides freshly prepared bakery and pastry products at all times during business operations. Six to eight moderate batches of bakery and pastry products are prepared during the day to assure fresh baked goods are always available. 4.Marketing Plan RB’s focus is on meeting the demand of a regular local resident customer base, as well as a significant level of tourist traffic from nearby highways. 4.1 Market Segmentation RB focuses on the middle- and upper middle-income markets. These market segments consume the majority of coffee and espresso products. Local Residents RB wants to establish a large regular customer base. This will establish a healthy, consistent revenue base to ensure stability of the business. 4.2 Market Analysis The chart and table below outline the total market potential of the above described customer segments. 4.3 Target Market Segment Strategy The dominant target market for RB is a regular stream of local residents. Personal and expedient customer service at a competitive price is key to maintaining the local market share of this target market. 4.4 Market Needs Because Dhaka has a cool climate for 3 months out of the year, hot coffee products are very much in demand. During the remaining warmer 9 months of the year, iced coffee products are in significantly high demand, along with a slower but consistent demand for hot coffee products. Much of the day’s activity occurs in the morning hours before ten a.m., with a relatively steady flow for the remainder of the day. 4.5 Service Business Analysis The retail coffee industry in the Dhaka has recently experienced some growth. The hot climate in Dhaka stimulates consumption of cold beverages throughout the year. Coffee drinkers in Dhaka are finicky about the quality of beverages offered at the numerous coffee bars across the area. Despite low competition in the immediate area, RB will position itself as a place where customers can enjoy a cup of delicious coffee with a fresh pastry in a relaxing environment. 4.6 Competition and Buying Patterns Competition in the local area is somewhat sparse and does not provide nearly the level of product quality and customer service as RB. Local customers are looking for a high quality product in a relaxing atmosphere. They desire a  unique, classy experience. Leading competitors purchase and roast high quality, whole-bean coffees and, along with Italian-style espresso beverages, cold-blended beverages, a variety of pastries and confections, coffee-related accessories and equipment, and a line of premium teas, sell these items primarily through company-operated retail stores. In addition to sales through company-operated retail stores, leading competitors sell coffee and tea products through other channels of distribution (specialty operations). Larger chains vary their product mix depending upon the size of each store and its location. Larger stores carry a broad selection of whole bean coffees in various sizes and types of packaging, as well as an assortment of coffee- and espresso-making equipment and accessories such as coffee grinders, coffee makers, espresso machines, coffee filters, storage containers, travel tumblers and mugs. Smaller stores and kiosks typically sell a full line of coffee beverages, a more limited selection of whole-bean coffees, and a few accessories such as travel tumblers and logo mugs. 5.Technology plan Technologically we will make fresh coffee and coffee-related products conveniently available via mail order and online. Additionally, mail order catalogs offering coffees, certain food items, and select coffee-making equipment and accessories, have been made available by a few larger competitors. We will offer customers Websites offering online store that will allow them to browse for and purchase coffee, gifts, and other items via the Internet have become more commonplace as well. 6.Financial Plan RB expects to raise 50,000 of its own capital, and to borrow 50,000 guaranteed by the Bank Asia as a ten-year loan. This provides the bulk of the current financing required. 6.1 Break-even Analysis RB’s Break-even Analysis is based on the average of the first-year figures for total sales by units, and by operating expenses. These are presented as per-unit revenue, per-unit cost, and fixed costs. These conservative assumptions make for a more accurate estimate of real risk. RB should break  even by the fourth month of its operation as it steadily increases its sales. 9.Operations Plan This shop has two owners.they are brothers and sisters.One is Shuddho Fuad Sadi and other one is Afroza Hoque Eite.Shuddho Fuad Sadi has extensive experience in sales, marketing, and management, and was vice president of marketing with both Sajib and Sejan Foods. Afroza Hoque Eite brings experience in the area of finance and administration, including a stint as chief financial officer with both Swiss Bakery and the national coffee store chain, Hotcups. The company intends to hire two full-time pastry bakers and six part-time baristas to handle customer service and day to day operations. 10.Summary There are no coffe shop in Azimpur.So it will be a great achivement if it is established here.The budget of this shop is only one lakh and it will make a huge profit.This business should establish in Azimpr.

Statistics – Elements of a Test Hypothesis

Elements of a Test of Hypothesis 1. Null Hypothesis (H0 ) – A statement about the values of population parameters which we accept until proven false. 2. Alternative or Research Hypothesis (Ha )- A statement that contradicts the null hypothesis. It represents researcher’s claim about the population parameters. This will be accepted only when data provides su? cient evidence to establish its truth. 3. Test Statistic – A sample statistic (often a formula) that is used to decide whether to reject H0 . 4. Rejection Region- It consists of all values of the test statistic for which H0 is rejected.This rejection region is selected in such a way that the probability of rejecting true H0 is equal to ? (a small number usually 0. 05). The value of ? is referred to as the level of signi? cance of the test. 5. Assumptions – Statements about the population(s) being sampled. 6. Calculation of the test statistic and conclusion- Reject H0 if the calculated value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region. Otherwise, do not reject H0 . 7. P-value or signi? cance probability is de? ned as proportion of samples that would be unfavourable to H0 (assuming H0 is true) if the observed sample is considered unfavourable to H0 .If the p-value is smaller than ? , then reject H0 . Remark: 1. If you ? x ? = 0. 05 for your test, then you are allowed to reject true null hypothesis 5% of the time in repeated application of your test rule. 2. If the p-value of a test is 0. 20 (say) and you reject H0 then, under your test rule, at least 20% of the time you would reject true null hypothesis. 1. Large sample (n > 30) test for H0 :  µ =  µ0 (known). Z= x ?  µ0 ? ? v n Example. A study reported in the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology investigated the relationship of employment status to mental health.Each of a sample of 49 unemployed men was given a mental health examination using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The GHQ is widely recognized measure of present mental health , with lower values indicating better mental health. The mean and standard deviation of the GHQ scores were x = 10. 94 and s = 5. 10, ? respectively. (a). Specify the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis if we wish to test the research hypothesis that the mean GHQ score for all unemployed men exceeds 10. Is the test one-tailed or two-tailed? (b). If we specify ? = 0. 05, what is the appropriate rejection region for this test? c). Conduct the test, and state your conclusion clearly in the language of this exercise. Find the p-value of the test. (Ans. H0 :  µ = 10; Ha :  µ > 10; One-tailed test; Rejection region: Z > 1. 645; Test score: Z = 1. 29; Do not reject H0 , GHQ score does not exceeds 10; p-value = 0. 0985) Example. A consumer protection group is concerned that a ketchup manufacturer is ? lling its 20-ounce family-size containers with less than 20 ounces of ketchup. The group purchases 49 family-size bottles of this ketch up, weigh the contents of each, and ? nds that the mean weight is 19. 6 ounces, and the standard deviation is equal to 0. 22 ounces. (a). Do the data provide su? cient evidence for the consumer group to conclude that the mean ? ll per family-size bottle is les than 20 ounces? Test using ? = 0. 05. (b). Find the p-value of the your test in part (a). (Ans. H0 : = 20; Ha : < 20; Rejection Region is Z < ? 1. 645 (one-tailed test); test score Z = ? 4. 45; Reject H0 at ? = 0. 05, su? cient evidence to say that the mean ? ll per family-size bottle is less than 20 ounces; p-value = 0) Example. State University uses thousands of ? uorescent light bulbs each year.The brand of bulb it currently uses has a mean life of 900 hours. A manufacturer claims that its new brands of bulbs, which cost the same as the brand the university currently uses, has a mean life of more than 900 hours. The university has decided to purchase the new brand if, when tested, the test evidence supports the manufacturer ’s claim at the . 10 signi? cance level. Suppose 99 bulbs were tested with the following results: x = 919 hours, s = 86 hours. Find the rejection region for the test of interest to the State University. ? (Ans. Rejection Region: Z > 1. 28) 1 . Small sample (n ? 30) test for H0 :  µ =  µ0 (known). t= This test requires that the sampled population is normal. x ?  µ0 ? s v n Example. A random sample of n observations is selected from a normal population to test the null hypothesis that  µ = 10. Specify the rejection region for each of the following combinations of Ha , ? , and n. (a). Ha :  µ = 10, ? = 0. 01, n = 14. (Ans. t < ? 3. 012, or t > 3. 012) (b). Ha :  µ < 10, ? = 0. 025, n = 26. (Ans. t < ? 2. 06) Example. According to advertisements, a strain of soybeans planted on soil prepared with a speci? d fertilizer treatment has a mean yield of 475 bushels per acre. Twenty farmers who belong to a cooperative plant the soybeans. Each uses a 40-acre plot and records the mean yield per acre. The mean and variance for the sample of 20 farms are x = 462 and s2 = 9070. ? Specify the null and alternative hypothesis used to determine if the mean yield for the soybeans is di? erent than advertised. (Ans. H0 :  µ = 475; Ha :  µ = 475) Example. A psychologist was interested in knowing whether male heroin addicts’ assessments of self-worth di? er from those of the general male population.On a test designed to measure assessment of self-worth, the mean score for males from the general population was found to be equal to 48. 6. A random sample of 25 scores achieved by heroin addicts yielded a mean of 44. 1 and a standard deviation of 6. 2. Do the data indicate a di? erence in assessment of self-worth between male heroin addicts and general male population? Test using ? = 0. 01. (Ans. H0 :  µ = 48. 6; Ha :  µ = 48. 6; Test score t = ? 3. 63 Rejection Region: t > 2. 797, or t < ? 2. 797 (two-tailed test); Observed t-score falls in the rejectio n region. Reject H0 at ? = 0. 1. Data indicate a di? erence in assessment of self-worth between male heroin addicts and general male population) 3. Large sample test for H0 : p = p0 (known). Z= p ? p0 ? p0 (1? p0 ) n For this test, sample size is considered large if p0  ± 3 p0 (1? p0 ) n falls between 0 and 1. Example. The National Science Foundation, in a survey of 2,237 engineering graduate students who earned their Ph. D. degrees, found that 607 were U. S. citizens; the majority (1,630) of the Ph. D degrees were awarded to foreign nationals. Conduct a test to determine whether the true percentage of engineering Ph.D. degrees awarded to foreign nationals exceeds 50%. Use ? = 0. 01. (Ans. H0 : p = 0. 5; Ha : p > 0. 5; Test score Z = 21. 63; Rejection region; Z > 2. 33 (one tailed test) Reject H0 at ? = 0. 01. True percentage p exceeds 50%. p-value = 0) Example. The business college computing center wants to determine the proportion of business students who have personal computers (PC’s) at home. If the proportion exceeds 30 percent, then the lab will scale back a proposed enlargement of its facilities. Suppose 250 business students were randomly sampled and 85 have personal computers at home.Conduct a test to see if the scale back of the proposed enlargement of its facilities is needed. Use ? = 0. 05. (Ans. H0 : p = . 3; Ha : p > 0. 3; Large sample z-test for proportion; test score: Z = 1. 38; Rejection region; Z > 1. 645; Do not reject H0 at ? = 0. 05. Scale back of the proposed enlargement of its facilities is not needed) 2 Example. A method currently used by doctors to screen women for possible breast cancer fails to detect cancer in 15% of the women who actually have the disease. A new method has been developed that researchers hope will be able to detect cancer more accurately.A random sample of 70 women known to have breast cancer were screened using the new method. Of these, the new method failed to detect cancer in six. Specify the null and a lternative hypothesis that the researchers wish to test. Calculate the test statistic, determine the rejection region if ? = 0. 05, ? nd the p-value, and state the conclusion clearly in the language of this exercise. (Ans. H0 : p = 0. 15; Ha : p < 0. 15; Test score: Z = ? 1. 51; Rejection Region: Z < ? 1. 645; Do not reject H0 ; Insu? cient evidence to conclude that the new method is more accurate than the one currently used. -value= p(Z < ? 1. 51) = 0. 5 ? 0. 4345 = 0. 0655) Example. The Midwest Organization of Retired Oncologists and Neurologists (M. O. R. O. N. ) has recently taken ? ack from some of its members regarding the poor choice of the organization’s name. The association bylaws require that more than 60% of the organization must approve a name change. Rather than convene a meeting, it is ? rst desired to use a sample to determine if a meeting is necessary. A random sample of 60 of M. O. R. O. N. ’s members were asked if they want M. O. R. O. N. to change i ts name. Forty-? ve of the respondent’s said †yes. Find the p-value for the desired test of hypothesis. (Ans. p-value= p(Z > 2. 37) = 0. 0089) Example. Increasing numbers of businesses are o? ering child-care bene? ts for their workers. However, one union claims that more than 80% of ? rms in the manufacturing sector still do not o? er any child-care bene? ts to their workers. A random sample of 480 manufacturing ? rms is selected, and only 27 of them o? er child-care bene? ts. Specify the rejection region that the union will use when testing at alpha = . 05. (Ans. Ha : p > 0. 8; Rejection region: Z > 1. 645) 3

Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering Essays

Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering Essays Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering Essay Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering Essay The report presents the use of IT tools in the road management and engineering area. IT tools used in the road management and engineering area is the main approach worldwide. It can save time, cost, labor force and also perform some works that human may not be able to accomplish. HDMs of testing these two computer programmes were performed. They justify the validity of both computer programmes in the road management and engineering area. However, nothing is perfect and the computer programmes also have drawbacks which will be discussed in this report. Contents Page Abstract 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 HDM-4 2-4 2.1 System Architecture 2 2.2 Road Management Function 2-4 2.2.1 Planning 3 2.2.2 Programming 3 2.2.3 Preparation 3 2.2.4 Operation 3-4 3.0 ARCADY 5 4 4.0 Test of HDM-4 and ARCADY 5 4-6 4.1 HDM-4 4-5 4.1.1 Results 5 4.2 ARCADY 5-6 4.2.1 Results 6 1.0 Introduction IT tools are widely used in many fields now. In the road management and engineering field, IT tools are especially vital and useful because road congestion and road accidents attribute billions of dollars in a country each year. For economical and environmental issues, uses of IT tools can efficiently reduce the social and economic loss due to the congestion and accidents, and mitigate the environmental impact from vehicles. The Highway Development and Management Tools (HDM-4) is a software system for investigating choices in investing in road transport infrastructure. It was developed on the basis of HDM-3. These choices may include developing new roads, improving existing roads, maintaining existing roads, introducing new vehicle technology and introducing new ways for funding and managing road assets. It will enable managers of road network assets to investigate the possibilities for providing cost-effective development and upkeep of their road system, which brings benefits to the communities that they serve. ARCADY is a popular computer programme for designing roundabouts in UK. It can design a new roundabout at an intersection; predict capacities, queue lengths, delays and accident risk at existing roundabouts. It is very important in road engineering for designing roundabouts quickly since time is very important in an engineering field. 2.0 HDM-4 HDM-4 is a decision support software system for assisting road managers to predict future economic, technical, social and environmental outcomes of possible investment decisions concerning road assets, and consider new development works, maintenance works and improvement works as possible investment choices and allow to consider investments on a single section of road, or a large network of road links (many sections), or any combination of road sections in a sub-network. For example, traffic volume and composition, deterioration of the road condition, the effect of works on road condition, the effect of the investment on vehicle emissions and the effect of condition and road works on road users, in terms of vehicle operating performance and costs, road user and cargo time delay and costs, accident rates and costs can be predicted. 2.1 System Architecture The HDM-4 technology can be integrated with present and future road management systems. It has been developed at three levels which are the knowledge and algorithms embodied in the modelling of technical, and economic performance of road infrastructure, the program modules which deliver the models in explicit terms, and the HDM-4 software, including the modelling modules, which provides the investment analysis and works programming functions (PIARC, 2000). The system architecture consists of a database, data managers, models and analysis tools. A database manages the input data and analysis results while data managers are software which provides the user interface and controls data. Models are software modules which reflect modeling algorithms, and analysis tools controls the system application (PIARC, 2000). 2.2 Road Management Functions The HDM-4 provides a powerful system for the analysis of road management and investment alternatives. The system can be applied to road management, programming road works, estimating funding requirements, budget allocations, predicting road network performance, project appraisal, policy impact studies and a wide range of special applications. 2.2.1 Planning HDM-4 can analyze the road system as a whole in medium to long term, or strategic, estimates of expenditure for road development and preservation under various budget and economic scenarios. Predictions can be made of road network conditions under different funding levels in terms of key indicators together with forecasts of required expenditure under defined budget. The results of the planning exercise are of most interest to senior policy makers in the roads sector in both political and professional means. The HDM-4 application in the planning level is always performed by strategy analysis. 2.2.2 Programming Programming involves the preparation of multi-year roadwork and expenditure programmes in which sections of the network needs maintenance, improvement or new construction, are selected and analyzed. Ideally, cost-benefit analysis should be undertaken to determine the economic feasibility of each set of works. The programming activity produces estimates of expenditure in each year, under defined budget, for different types of roadwork and for each road section. The HDM-4 application in the programming level is programming analysis. 2.2.3 Preparation This is the short-term planning stage where road schemes are packaged for implementation. At this stage, designs are refined and prepared in more details; bills of quantities and detailed costing are made, together with work instructions and contracts. Detailed specifications and costing are defined, and detailed cost-benefit analysis can be carried out to confirm the feasibility of the final scheme. The HDM-4 application in the preparation level is project analysis. 2.2.4 Operations Decisions about the management of operations are generally made on a daily or weekly basis, including the scheduling of work to be carried out, monitoring of labours, equipments and materials, the recording of work completed, and use of this information for monitoring and control. 3.0 ARCADY 5 ARCADY (Assessment of Roundabout Capacity and Delay) has been developed over the last 20 years by TRL (Transport Research Laboratory) and is used for predicting capacities, queue lengths, delays and accident risk at roundabouts. ARCADY is a user friendly and helpful tool to aid the busy traffic engineer in designing new roundabouts as well as assessing the effects of modifying existing designs. It can design a roundabout and predict the accident rates automatically within a short time. It can also avoid the iteration process by hand to save much time. Thus, ARCADY is very convenient and important in road engineering. ARCADY 5 is the most recent evolution of a program that has been successfully used to design and re-design thousands of roundabouts throughout the world. ARCADY 5s main platform is graphical under standard Windows* environment, which is common to many organizations including governments, multi-national organizations and universities. ARCADY is based on empirical relationships derived from the study of many UK roundabouts. The capacity relationships were established from a database covering 11,000 minutes of at capacity operation at 86 roundabout entries, and the accident prediction routine is based on 431 injury accidents at 84 roundabouts. Capacity and injury accident rates are linked directly to intersection geometry. The entire UK government, funded research programme, carried out at TRL, cost some and 7.5m or US$ 11.5m at todays values, and gives ARCADY robustness (TRL Software Bureau, 2003). 4.0 Test of HDM-4 and ARCADY-5 4.1 HDM-4 In the Highway Development and Management Series, Kerali (2000) presented an example of the analysis of HDM-4. The national road authority has drawn up a list of candidate road sections for periodic maintenance and improvement over the next three years in Western Province. The list of candidate road sections follows a review of pavement condition surveys carried out by consultants. There is a policy that the candidate projects are prioritized and selected for the maintenance programme in the three-year budget period. The objective of the task is to prioritize the candidates according to the economic benefits basis. The HDM-4 imports data from the Pavement Management System or use the HDM-4 Road Network manager to create the candidate road sections. It also defines the characteristics of the vehicles that use the road network and specify the traffic growth rates. The maintenance and improvement standards are assigned to the candidate road sections together with the unit costs. Afterwards, the road works can be determined. The unconstrained work programme results give the total funding required for the list of candidate road sections. Finally, HDM-4 can carry out the budget optimization to prioritize and select the short list of projects that can be carried out within the available budget. 4.1.1 Results The analyses indicate that the selected road sections for periodic maintenance and road improvement would require approximately US$11.345 million over the three year budget period. 4.2 ARCADY 5 ARCADY calculations can be applied to single island roundabouts with up to seven arm. The user has a choice of methods of entering traffic flows and the program can estimate the shape of the peak according to the amount of data available. The safety of a design can be tested using ARCADYs accident predictions. Accident prediction is available for all conventional and mini-roundabouts layouts. The program can be applied to single-island roundabouts with 3 to 7 arms and now mini-roundabouts. Both at-grade and grade-separated roundabouts can be modelled. Pedestrian crossings (zebra crossing type) can be included, and the queue lengths can be viewed, animated and printed. Roundabout capacity studies by Highways Agencys Compendium of Research from 1993 to 1996 with the project value of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000 was carried out to check the continuing validity of the existing ARCADY relationships for conventional roundabouts and to derive capacity relationships for mini-roundabouts. The outputs were to be implemented in a new release of ARCADY incorporating both capacity and accident relationships for mini-roundabouts. It is 15 to 20 years since the capacity relationships used in the ARCADY computer program were established; corresponding capacity relationships for mini-roundabouts have never been separately determined. 4.2.1 Results The checks on capacities at conventional roundabouts have been found to be still valid (Highways Agencys Compendium of Research, 2003). Minor areas where further research work could give useful benefits have been identified. Related work on mini-roundabouts was brought to a successful conclusion. 5.0 Discussion The main approach of HDM-4 is usually biased to the economic approach because it is mainly applied in the network and program level which focus on the economic area. Therefore, it may not be very practical in real situation. For example, when evaluating the maintenance of a pavement in a long term period, it may estimate that the pavement only needs one major rehabilitation in the period. However, it is impractical to have a large funding for the rehabilitation in a short period such as one year. It may not be allowed in such a large amount such as millions of pounds in a year. Therefore, in practice, a major rehabilitation should be modified to several smaller ones around that period. It may be easier for funding in several times for several rehabilitations over a longer period. That shows planners or engineers must ensure the results obtained from HDM-4 practical in real before implementation because computer programmes can only give us the results under ideal conditions which are always impossible in our real world. Also, another drawback for the application of the HDM Model is the availability of adequate data. It is important that the highway agencies realize how critical it is to collect and process the required data in order to produce sound results. A specific budget should be assigned for this task if consistent and serious results are wanted. Collection of data is an expensive activity and it may not be possible for every road assets. ARCADY was justified to be still valid for different types of roundabouts. It can effectively assist highway engineers in assessing the existing roundabouts for safety or any possible improvement, and designing a new roundabout from an ordinary intersection in order to alleviate the heavy right turn movement. It also includes crash prediction model based on UK equation. The software is backed by TRL and thus the validity of it can be ensured by numbers of research. However, it required detailed knowledge of geometrics such as approach length, approach curvature and entry width and so on. It is also restricted to about 50% confidence limits and the calibration to U.S. capacity is still unknown at this time. 6.0 Conclusions IT tools bring many advantages and convenience to our lives. It shortens the gap between people and time required from place to place. It makes the world run faster with better quality. . They always play major roles in many fields such as construction, banking and design, etc. There are many computer programmes used for road management and engineering. HDM-4 and ARCADY are typical examples in this field. HDM-4 mainly performs its functions in road management in making decision for the future improvement of road assets in network and project level. It can predict the different impacts. Making decision related to cost is very important since budget is always limited and so prioritization is always necessary. The prioritization can be determined by HDM-4, and the budget and resource can be effectively allocated. ARCADY can perform its functions in road engineering in geometric design and accident rate prediction. It has the advantages of time saving, accuracy and clear presentation over human capability in design by hands. Accuracy is very important in geometric design since it can directly affect the road users. Therefore, it can increase the degree of road safety which is always the most important issue in road traffic. ARCADY has been developed to ARCADY 5 and this latest version was tested to be still valid in performing its functions effectively. Practical uses of both computer programmes also show their validities in the areas in many projects but further analyses are still necessary for overcoming the drawbacks.

Free Essays on Technology And Cars

In a world that is always changing, the vehicle is changing right along with it. Advances like four-wheel drive, safety, and personal amenities have gone from nothing to everything. These technological advances have not just happened overnight. It took many years of trial and error to figure out exactly what the customer wants. Four-wheel drive was probably the first major advance in vehicles. Before where vehicles would bog down and could only be pulled out, when stuck, now could be locked into four-wheel drive and possibly eased out of the situation without being pulled. The first vehicle that used four-wheel drive had locking hubs. Locking hubs had to be manually turned on, this involved the driver having to get out and turn the hubs to the locked position on the front two wheels. With technological advances this chore is now automatic in most cases. Some vehicles still have the manual hubs. It is as easy as pushing a button in today’s four-wheel drives to get the performance that was once a sometimes difficult task. One of the most important aspects of a vehicle today is the safety features. Seatbelts, airbags, reinforced frames, safety glass, and automatic gasoline shutoff valves are just a few of the many features that technology has brought to the vehicle. All of these features are key elements to the overall safety of the vehicle. One of these features that I find the most interesting is the automatic gasoline shut off valve. In the case of a accident, if the vehicle is damaged enough the gas will be shut off from the engine. This feature prevents gas from continuing to pump into the engine and in most cases prevents gas from leaking onto the ground. The combination of keeping extra gas out can prevent an explosion. The first vehicle consisted of a, somewhat, seat, steering wheel, and four tires. This was the only way you could get the vehicle and in only one color. Today advances in technology have made... Free Essays on Technology And Cars Free Essays on Technology And Cars In a world that is always changing, the vehicle is changing right along with it. Advances like four-wheel drive, safety, and personal amenities have gone from nothing to everything. These technological advances have not just happened overnight. It took many years of trial and error to figure out exactly what the customer wants. Four-wheel drive was probably the first major advance in vehicles. Before where vehicles would bog down and could only be pulled out, when stuck, now could be locked into four-wheel drive and possibly eased out of the situation without being pulled. The first vehicle that used four-wheel drive had locking hubs. Locking hubs had to be manually turned on, this involved the driver having to get out and turn the hubs to the locked position on the front two wheels. With technological advances this chore is now automatic in most cases. Some vehicles still have the manual hubs. It is as easy as pushing a button in today’s four-wheel drives to get the performance that was once a sometimes difficult task. One of the most important aspects of a vehicle today is the safety features. Seatbelts, airbags, reinforced frames, safety glass, and automatic gasoline shutoff valves are just a few of the many features that technology has brought to the vehicle. All of these features are key elements to the overall safety of the vehicle. One of these features that I find the most interesting is the automatic gasoline shut off valve. In the case of a accident, if the vehicle is damaged enough the gas will be shut off from the engine. This feature prevents gas from continuing to pump into the engine and in most cases prevents gas from leaking onto the ground. The combination of keeping extra gas out can prevent an explosion. The first vehicle consisted of a, somewhat, seat, steering wheel, and four tires. This was the only way you could get the vehicle and in only one color. Today advances in technology have made...

Diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Diet - Essay Example They rapidly and furiously increase insulin and blood sugar which could spike hunger in the short term leading to overeating. In the long term, this could lead to increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and weight gain. For example, increased consumption of French fries, potato chips and potatoes, refined grains and sugary drinks causes weight gain of about 3.4, 1.3, 0.6 and 1.0 pounds over a span of four years respectively (Roth, 2011). Minimal intake of such foods reduces weight gain. Whole grains such as brown rice, barley and wheat among others get digested slowly compared to refined grains. As such, they have a gentle effect on insulin and blood sugar, helping to keep hunger at bay. This holds for a majority of fruits and vegetables. Studies by the HSPH shows that over 20 years, the studied samples subjected to this kind of diet recorded minimal weight increments of â€Å"-0.4, 0.5, and 0.2 pounds less every four years, respectively† (2013). According to Roth (2011), in creasing the intake of these foods leads to reduced intake of the other foods, thus cutting on calories. The fiber in these foods has weight control benefits because of the effect of fiber in slowing down digestion, hence curbing hunger. Additionally, fruits and vegetables have high water content helping people fill up on few calories. As such, I have been a supporter of maximal consumption of vegetables and fruits to maintain proper body weight and form. Not only has the water that fills one fast and nourishes the skin been my argument for this but also because of the belief in the many forms of vitamins in these food sources that help keep diseases away. However, Robinson (2013) calls for revision of such myths. According to this scholar, the right varieties of... This paper approves that poor diets, especially those made up of sugary drinks and refined grains, largely contribute to weight gain and promote chronic diseases. One of the major effects of poor dietary considerations is obesity. Those children in poor countries suffer from obesity due to â€Å"exposure to Westernized diets coinciding with a history of undernutritions†. The world food economy has largely contributed to a shift in dietary patterns, for instance, promoting consumption of diets rich in energy and fat, specifically the saturated fat and diets low in unrefined carbohydrates. Combining such diets with declined energy expenditure due to sedentary lifestyle – domestic labor-saving devices, motorized transport and physically undemanding leisure among others – increases the chances of one being obese. From this essay, it is clear that healthy diets play an important role in preventing chronic diseases and weight gain. It has equipped me with additional information on the importance of having a proper diet for a healthy life. The general recommended dietary requirement calls for higher proteins but lower carbohydrates intake. Contrary to my previous belief that processed foods contain lower carbohydrates, this research has made me appreciate that whole foods or minimally processed foods such as whole grains, plant oils, fruits, nuts and vegetables provide a healthier source of nutrients. They are digested slowly and thus reduce food intake. Sugared beverages, red and processed meats, potatoes and highly processed foods like fast foods should be minimized as they have a similar effect as processed grains.

Current and Future Trends in a Sector of the Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Current and Future Trends in a Sector of the Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example As time changes, even the hospitality industry has changed a lot for the better. While many of the issues have been effectively dealt with, a number of new asking issues have come to the scenario. A person lacking in skill is likely to be less productive than someone who possesses such a skill (Frogner 2002). The problem of creating and maintaining a loyal and skillful workload is always a challenge for all the business owners around the world. It has been anticipated that all the aspects of construction and renovation cost will continue to keep on increasing. 'It was mainly because steel prices experienced a 48.8-percent increase in 2004, which was preceded by significant increases in scrap iron and steel prices in 2002 and 2003. Steel prices held steady in 2005 but jumped again in 2006 through 2009. They are expected to increase again in 2010 and beyond as demand for steel from construction projects in China and India increases. Scrap iron and steel prices have increased by approximately 20 percent in the past twelve months' (Hotel Line Special Report 2006). Hospitality management systems have evolved into sophisticated, well integrated, multi-discipline tools capable of helping properties of all types and sizes attract more guests, generate more revenue and reach much-improved levels of efficiency. But still, in certain areas of the world, the main technological factors of the hospitality industry completely have to depend on outsourcing facilities which at times turns out to be more complex operations.