Financial hedging techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial hedging techniques - Essay Example The approach to decreasing the possibility of a loss from an investment is usually undertaking an additional investment for purposes of upsetting loss in the future. As hedging minimizes the possibility of a loss occurring, it also minimizes the profit potential. A large firm or corporation is defined differently depending on the country and the industry under which it operates (Fonseca and Rustem 2012: 2530). For instance, a large firm in a developing country may be considered as a small firm or a medium one in a developed country. In addition, a large firm in the retail industry may be regarded as a small firm relatively to a large firm in mineral and mining industry within the same nation. Generally, the size of a firm is determined by considering different organizational aspects including the turnover, the amount of profits made, the number of employees and the number of countries in which it operates. Typically, a large firm employs thousands of employees and may operate in more than one country, have annual revenues more than billion dollars. Large companies also own huge valuable assets spread across different regions within or without a country. All large firms are also considered as autonomous legal entities. This means the owners h ave limited liabilities. Examples of large firms include Wal-Mart Inc, grocer J Sainsbury, Royal Dutch Shell, SABMiller, Toyota Motors Corporation and The Boeing Company. Every firm that accepts foreign currency as part of its payment or receipts faces currency risk. Currency risk can be defined as is a type of risk that emanates from the changes in the price of a currency against other currencies. Hedging techniques refers to the different strategies used by firms to minimize the risk on investment. The hedging techniques used vary from one organization to the other depending on the nature of the investment and the size of the company (Wang, Wu, and

D1 Pest Analaysis of Tesco Essay Example for Free

D1 Pest Analaysis of Tesco Essay Social There have been many changes over last 40 years .Customer possess mobile and car, Tesco has responded to this change by developing extra stores with larger parks. Customers want one stop shopping. Tesco has responded to this by making sure that their stock has nearly got everything a customer might need. Over last 40 years travellers have been abroad to try and taste different foods. Tesco has responded to this change by increasing the range of foreign food such as Mexican, Chinese and Indian etc. Because of the large ethnic populations that have moved to the UK, this encouraged Tesco to increase the range of foreign. When microwaves were launched and people have started buying them. Tesco has responded to this change by introducing frozen foods. Political Customers are wishing to eat to healthier, Tesco has responded to this by making sure the products are healthy and by putting labels on the product. Customers want to shop more conveniently, Tesco has responded to by offering convenient time including 24 hour shopping and six hours on Sunday. Many customers do not want food that has been grown using chemicals, they want to natural food. Tesco has responded to this change by introducing organic food ranges. Tesco is restricted by law from growing too big.to overcome this they have begun to offer more services. Recession has been biggest political factor as a lot of countries suffer unemployment; Tesco has responded to this change by offering more employment as this will reduce the amount of people who are unemployed. Economical Customers want to shop in a pleasant and clean environment, Tesco has responded to this change by making their shops light and attractive. The government wants everyone to be environmentally aware, Tesco has responded by increasing the amount of recyclable packing that they use for their products. Tesco is also reducing the number of free plastic bags they give away. They have built small local stores called Tesco express to respond to customers’ needs to shop more conveniently. Tesco has responded to local needs by helping community projects. They have also responded to the large amount of people who are unemployed offering them employment this allows people to work around family commitment. Tesco’s prices may reflect inflation rates, an increase in inflation will Technology Customers have been using the internet as a source of information, Tesco has capitalised this by offering online shopping at www.tesco.com. mean and increase in prices and a decrease in inflation will mean prices reduce. Tesco is also providing through the use of online delivery services. Customers are paying with debit cards than with cash, Tesco has responded to this change by introducing self-service check outs. This change is much quicker and easier for the customers.

I Am Ignorant :: Graduate Admissions Essays

I Am Ignorant, but Not Stupid Education: the path from cocky ignorance to miserable uncertainty (Mark Twain) Â   When I began my undergraduate studies, I only vaguely anticipated the number of books, the infinitude of ideas, the magnitude of creative urges that existed. Now that I have finally come to some awareness of what it means to be educated, I realize that I am not. Graduate study seems an opportunity to continue studying, but more profoundly, more independently, and with more direction than ever before. Â   I have loved studying at the University, and have tried to make the fullest uses of the rich resources here. But leaving the University, leaving the United States, to study abroad would expose me to such an entirely new range of people and possibilities. I want to continue in my education because I cannot imagine discontinuing it, and more, because I have a singularly exciting opportunity before me. As my peers are preparing job applications and buying business suits, I want nothing more than to spend another few years in Scotland, learning about its tremendous tradition of scholarship and endeavor, and hoping to contribute something to such a tradition. Â   The past few years have been enriching beyond all expectations. Specifically, the classes in music, modern literature, and narrative nonfiction writing. These are the fields I am most interested in. My college years have allowed me to focus on a few specific fields, not to mention regions, of interest. My school work this academic year has been particularly influential in my decision to continue on next year as a post-graduate. I have been researching and writing a major thesis about modern American narrative nonfiction for my program of study here at the University. The process has been thrilling, simply put. Working independently, under the supervision of carefully-chosen advisors, has been at times frustrating, but more often enlightening, revealing my strengths and weaknesses both. Â   I look forward to working on an advanced degree at the University of XXX because it will allow me to continue doing relatively independent work, in combination with more structured class work.

Reducing Transport Carbon Emissions In The UK Environmental Sciences Essay

The conveyance sector is the fastest turning consumer of energy and manufacturer of green house gasses in the European Union every bit good as in the universe ( EIA, 2010 ) . Energy usage in the conveyance sector includes energy consumed in traveling people and goods by route, rail, air, H2O, and grapevine ( EIA, 2010 ) . In UK, the overall addition in concluding energy ingestion between 1990 and 2008, was 7.5 million metric tons of oil tantamount – an addition of 5.1 % . Transport energy ingestion rose to 21 % between this period, and the largest addition occurred in the air conveyance sector ; where ingestion rose by 83 % . Over the same period, the rail sector ‘s ingestion rose by 31 % , while rider route fuel rose by 4 % ( Govtoday 2010 ) . on the other manus, It has been estimated that 480.9 million metric tons of C dioxide ( MtCO2 ) were emitted during 2009 in UK. Out of these emanations, conveyance sector paged at 121.8 MtCO2- accounted for a one-fourth of all CO2 emanations in the UK ( Department of Energy and climate change,2010 ) This shows that conveyance remains one of the major users of energy and emitter of C, non merely in the universe or European Union in general but besides UK in specific. In position of this fact, the UK authorities demand to follow energy usage decrease schemes so as to cut down its C pes print and aid to accomplish European Union ‘s policy of cut downing C emanations by 2020 so as to accomplish sustainable development.Proposed Options to cut down Energy ingestion and or emanations in conveyance sector.1.Technological options( a ) .Hybrid-electric vehicles. A intercrossed electrical vehicle ( HEV ) is a vehicle equipped with either an internal burning engine ( ICE ) and an electrical motor powered by electrical batteries. HEVs are an emerging engineering in the automotive market, with makers planing and bring forthing intercrossed systems for rider autos, light-duty vehicles, heavy responsibility vehicles, and even engines. The improved efficiency of HEVs over conventional vehicle is achieved by runing a smaller, more efficient ICE within a narrower, more efficient operational speed/power set and utilizing an electric engine and electrical storage ( i.e. the battery ) to equilibrate the public presentation energy demands. ( Deutsche Bank,2008 ) . Potential nest eggs Hybrid vehicles are frequently equipped with â€Å" halt & amp ; travel † devices. In the urban rhythm, these devices may enable farther decrease of energy usage and emanations ( Ricardo, 2009 ) . Mild loanblends ( where an electric motor is non a exclusive beginning of driving power, but besides auxiliary internal burning engine when extremum power is needed ) provide a 10-20 % fuel efficiency addition ( Deutsche Bank,2008 ) , and full loanblends, can cut down CO2 emanations for urban applications by up to 40 % depending on the vehicle. For long draw drive ( i.e. chiefly on high-velocity roads ) an norm of 7 % is reported as more typical ( Ricardo, 2009 ) , and coachs runing on intercrossed system have the possible to cut down emanations by 30 % on the conventional Diesel coachs ( Transport for London ) . Restrictions and possible actions HEVs of In general, offer more efficiency benefits in metropolis drive instead than in long-distance expressway usage ( Ricardo, 2009 ) . Though nearing commercial position, HEVs are rather expensive and it is ill-defined whether consumers will encompass them in the mass market. However, Government can make a batch to advance loanblends, including strong monetary value inducements and instruction runs to do certain consumers are cognizant of this engineering and understand its benefits ( Deutsche Bank,2008 ) . ( B ) .Carbon gaining control and storage engineering ( CCS ) Refers to the gaining control of CO2 from emanations, followed by storage in geological constructions, thereby forestalling it from come ining the ambiance ( Parliamentarly office of scientific discipline and engineering, 2005 ) . This method of C segregation can be done at production phase of fuel such that Carbon gaining control and storage engineering offers a low-carbon manner to utilize fossil fuels to guarantee security of energy supply ( Parliamentarly office of scientific discipline and engineering, 2005 ) . Potential nest eggs Using CO2 gaining control to the UK ‘s energy industries has the greatest possible to cut down current emanations. The cost of emanation decrease utilizing CCS are comparable with those of utilizing offshore wind power or atomic power-Carbon emanation decrease costs of about ?50/tCO2 ( DTI, 2003 ) Restrictions and solutions There are concerns that Carbon could be released during conveyance and injection or over clip from geological storage ( DTI, 2003 ) .Hence, CO2 release would necessitate to be carefully monitored for homo and environmental safety. However, there are already expertise and industrial protocols associated with its handling. Even utilizing pessimistic premises it has been estimated that it is improbable that more than 0.03 % of the CO2 would be released during conveyance and injection ( DTI, 2003 ) . Under present economic conditions CCS is non financially feasible. However, Making inducements for CCS signifiers portion of the wider argument on economic schemes to cut down CO2 emanations ( Parliamentarly office of scientific discipline and engineering, 2005 ) .2. Fiscal techniquesFiscal instruments are an obvious tool for authorities policy in general. They can besides be a tool for rapidly act uponing the consumption of energy efficiency in conveyance so as to cut down energy demand and cut down auto ownership by persons ( Banister, 2006 ) . Examples of financial techniques that can be used are as follows ; Fuel bringing direction measures- where autos can merely replenish at a certain clip of the twenty-four hours dependant on the last figure of their license home base Artificial elevation of fuel monetary values through revenue enhancements, Introduction of route and interior metropolis tolls restrictive parking and debut of parking fees. These financial techniques can ensue to cut down urban vehicle trips to merely indispensable trips and to deviate the bulk of occupants to public conveyance where by cut downing energy usage and C emanations ( Saleh etal,1998 ) . Potential nest eggs These techniques can cut down oil demand and ingestion by between 7 % and 10 % depending on the size of the break ( Banister, 2006 ) . Road pricing/congestion charges have been implemented in London and Durham. Even though the motive has non been to cut down CO2 emanations but traffic congestion, there has nevertheless been a significant betterment in local air quality in cardinal London and CO2 emanations degrees are down by 15 % , chiefly due to fewer autos, higher velocities and less stop-start drive ( Banister, 2006 ) . Restrictions and possible actions Information about possible steps of demand decreases in the conveyance sector is frequently highly limited and dated. Fuel revenue enhancement addition has the possible to keep demand but – recent informations about the effectivity of such steps is scarce ( IE A,2003 ) . However, since other countries have been implementing the techniques, lessons can be learnt from them which can back up determination doing procedure.3.Legislative stepsLegislative steps can besides be used to excite the consumption of energy efficiency in conveyance where by cut downing energy demand and emanations ( The Allen confer withing group,2008 ) . Example include compulsory criterions for fuel efficiency Compulsory Standards for Fuel Efficiency Standards on degree of pollution can be imposed on auto makers, with a mark agreed that all new vehicles should hold mean lower emanation rate of fuel. EU mean rate is 140 g CO2/km3 ( SMMT, 2007 ) . In the UK, the current degree for new autos is 167.2 g CO2/km ( 2006 ) with approximately 20 % more to making the 140 g/km mark ( SMMT, 2007 ) . Potential nest eggs A survey by the The Allen confer withing group,2008 in Australia indicated that a plan affecting compulsory criterions demands for big energy consumers ( devouring 100 TJ or more of energy each twelvemonth ) , is likely to present a net economic benefit over 10 old ages of around $ 710 million ( in cyberspace present value ( NPV ) footings ) .This is based on a demand for these sites to implement energy salvaging undertakings with a payback period of 3 old ages or less, and the consequence of a modest domestic C monetary value ( assumed to average about $ 15 per metric ton CO2e ) in the period 2010 to 2020. Restrictions and possible actions Mandatory energy efficiency plans implementation incur highest plan costs compared to voluntary attacks but the expected benefits are besides the highest compared to other attacks ( The Allen confer withing group,2008 ) .4. Infrastructure alterations and behavioral alteration optionsIncreasing the efficiency of route and rail vehicles so they use less fuel per rider Km or tonne-Km ( IE A,2003 ) ; Reducing the overall auto ownership and sum of personal travel and motion of goods ( IE A,2003 ) ; Transfering riders and cargo from high-consumption manners to low ingestion manners eg public conveyance ( IE A,2003 ) ; back uping Eco- drive -energy usage in conveyance is besides dependent on mean velocity of the vehicle, service quality and driver behaviour hence important sum of energy and C emanations could be saved by learning people how to drive ( Hodac, 2008 ) . bettering journey times and connexions, improved quality, handiness and affordability of public conveyance through electrification of rail webs and disgnating high velocity rail associating metropoliss to do train more attractive option to auto use ( Scots Government Publication,2009 ) . planing substructure and layout to promote and ease walking and cycling ; and do non-motorised manners of conveyance safer, quicker and more attractive ( Scots Government Publication,2009 ) Promoting options to go ( e.g. greater telecommuting ) Potential nest eggs substructure betterments, â€Å" intelligent conveyance † engineerings and systems such as better routing systems and congestion decrease and information systems can assist to replace for travel systems and better theodolite systems. An aggressive combination of such steps could realistically cut travel ( or go growing ) by 10-15 % where by cut downing energy usage and C emanations ( IE A,2003 ) . Freight-efficiency betterment programmes, much more aggressive attempts could give a 10-20 % decrease in cargo fuel usage ( IE A,2003 ) .The IEA estimations that a 5 % -10 % decrease in mean fuel ingestion per kilometer could be achieved through a combination of the undermentioned steps: stronger review and care programmes to aim fuel efficiency, acceptance of on-board engineerings that better in-use fuel efficiency and better driver consciousness of efficiency ; better and more widespread driver preparation programmes, and better enforcement and control of vehicle velocities. Restrictions and possible actions Measures such as transport demand direction and traffic direction systems are frequently supported by specific revenue enhancements, publicity of public conveyance systems to promote voluntary transportation from autos, support for usage of alternate fuels, etc. These steps face a different scope of political jobs and other jobs ( OECD, 2002 ) . However, Measures including outreach and inducements for improved heavy-duty vehicle fuel efficiency and advancing greater usage of telecommuting and public conveyance for better system efficiency can be emphasized ( IE A,2003 ) ..DecisionThere are several options that UK Government can see to follow in seeking to accomplish the purpose of cut downing C emanations from conveyance sector. The options are in the class of substructure, engineering, statute law every bit good as financial techniques. Each option has possible to cut down emanations but has associated restrictions. However, suggested solutions to restrictions are available which so allow the Government to do determinations against its ain precedences.Beyond 2050Carbon gaining control and storage engineering ( CCS ) Using CO2 gaining control to the UK ‘s energy industries has the greatest possible to cut down current emanations. The cost of emanation decrease utilizing CCS are comparable with those of utilizing offshore wind power or atomic power-Carbon emanation decrease costs of about ?50/tCO2 ( DTI, 2003 )

Actions and context of social Essay

Hale arrives in Salem and begins to interrogate Abigail. He is very direct and soon Abigail realises that she cannot avoid his questions any more. She knows she must escape his attention but she cannot run otherwise she will look suspicious. Instead, she cleverly implicates Tituba. Abigail constructs her involvement to become the leader of the proceedings, trying to force the other girls and her into following her lead. After confession, Tituba is told to tell the names of people seen with the devil. Mrs Putnam asks whether her past midwives had been in contact with the devil. Abigail soon says the names of Sarah Good and Goody Osburne as she quickly reveals that they are in contact with the devil. By satisfying her interrogator’s suspicions, despite their untruthfulness she can divert attention away from herself. Her intelligence and unique influence is demonstrated as she does so and sends the professional men of the court into a frenzied excitement, as they believe they have found someone in touch with the devil. By being the first and shouting out names, she has power and trust with the court. She then begins to call out more names, adding to Tituba’s list. This excites Betty whom immediately rises and joins in the chanting of names. She is described to be calling out ‘hysterically’ and ‘with great relief’. Then their ecstatic cries turn into a gleeful tone, adding an evil edge. Abigail has forged her way out of trouble and Betty has picked up on the plan, assured that she is safe from punishment and joins Abigail. They are now beyond accusation or danger and happy to call names out. Betty is following Abigail, but Abigail has no need to continue as she has already said Elizabeth’s name. The other names of people, she has no involvement with and most importantly, people who bear no importance in Salem and are vulnerable to prosecution. It is a fiendish scene, as if the girls are possessed by evil. They are not however and that leaves only one reason, that Abigail is wreaking her specific revenge for her parents deaths. It is one of her more evil actions in the play, as it cannot be accounted for. This shows that she does not hate and have power over people she wants revenge for, but everyone of human society. In my opinion, she is a disturbed character. She is initially perceived as being wild bright and proud. Her character then develops a ghastly quality that becomes a large influence over everybody in the village of Salem. She abuses this ability to turn things to her advantage and others fate. She develops an evil insensitive, which would seem to be her character, however occasionally she shows different emotions in moments of intense passion and fear. Abigail is the hidden secret of the play. She covers behind her sweet little girl innocence and manipulates it between the characters, which brings up many truths from the past. Her quest however, soon becomes an addiction as she has people killed and blames anyone to get back John Proctor.

Is it true that Shylock is a man more sinned against than sinning Essay Example

Is it true that Shylock is a man more sinned against than sinning Essay Example Is it true that Shylock is a man more sinned against than sinning Paper Is it true that Shylock is a man more sinned against than sinning Paper Essay Topic: Play Shakespeares romantic comedy The Merchant of Venice features Shylock, although he is referred to by most of the other characters as the Jew. Despite all the wrong doings committed against him, it is suggested to us by Shakespeare that he is more of a villain than a victim; this is because Shakespeare uses him as a Daniel to test the personalities of the other characters and the audience. However we must consider the misconception of Jews and the anti-Semitism shown towards them in the Elizabethan era, which may be responsible for the treatment of Shylock. When we first meet Shylock in the play it is no coincidence that his first words are three thousand ducats. Shakespeare is subtly trying to suggest early on in the play the importance of money to Shylock. With our perception of Shylock of being attracted to money it automatically makes the audience think he is greedy and selfish. Shakespeare is trying to hint to us that perhaps Shylock isnt the kind of character you would like to be associated with. This is re-enforced by the fact that he says he hates Antonio. I hate him for he is a Christian; but more, for that in low simplicity he lends out money gratis. Shylock partly hates Antonio because he is a Christian, but more because he doesnt charge interest when he lends money so in effect he is putting him out of business. This would seem quite petty to the audience this early in the play because we dont know any background knowledge of the two characters and how they treat one another. It is because of his hate for Antonio that Shakespeares Shylock seems very interested in the offer made to him because it means he would be above Antonio, as Antonio would owe him money. On stage this looks like an act of kindness on Shylocks part because effectively he is helping out Bassanio. But it is a slightly suspicious act because in that scene he is insulted by Antonio, he is referred to as the devil having an evil soul. He is even compared to as a goodly apple rotten to the heart. On top of this Antonio says he is likely to spit on him again yet Shylock still lends him the money. This should make no sense to the audience because if anyone else as in that position of being treated like vermin by someone, they wouldnt go and do that person a favour. So if it werent for the terms of the bond an equal pound of flesh we would think that Shylock was a character full of forgiveness and kindness but we cant help but be suspicious by the terms of the bond, whether he really is going after a pound of Antonios flesh which might kill him. This act suggests early on that Shylock is plotting something against Antonio so we are left at the end of the first scene in which we see Shylock slightly confused at whether or not Shylock is the kind, forgiving character he seems. As we read on in the play, the doubt we have about Shylock not completely being the innocent character fades slightly and we can sympathise with him for the deeds being done against him. We find out that Antonio is not the only one who is constantly mocking and insulting Shylock and that almost all the Christians in the play regard him as a lower being, less than a man. He is called a cur, a dog and wherever he goes he is never referred to as Shylock but people simply know him as the Jew and he has to live with being called this all the time. For example in the court scene even the Duke directly calls him Jew. Shylock shows a great sense of character throughout the play, even though he and his Jewish faith is always insulted he doesnt seem like he is affected by it and most of the time stays calm and pleasant like nothing has been said. Here comes another of the tribe; a third cannot be matched, unless the devil himself turn Jew. Shylocks reaction to this is very surprising. He ignores this comment as it were nothing and carries on talking to Tubal. Being a contemporary audience we find these sorts of comments outrageous and would not think of using this kind of language because it signifies deep hatred and insult that we do not use any more. So we immediately sympathise with Shylock and now consider him very much as a victim. However at the time the play was written this sort of abuse towards the Jews was closer to the norm, so to an Elizabethan audience it would not have seemed at that time that the Christians were doing anything wrong. This is because in that era when countries were being colonised and nationality was very important, people had a very low opinion of other nations because every nation saw themselves as great, so racism would have been high. Nowadays with so much immigration occurring all over the globe people have become much more tolerant of other nations so racism has decreased. In Act 2 Scene 5 we are shown yet another side of Shylock, we are shown him as a father. We would expect him to be the gentle, kind figure we recognised him as in the opening scenes but to our surprise we see him as almost the opposite of this. We find that he treats his own daughter as you might a prisoner, she is left with his instructions and is supposed follow only what he wants her to do which is Lock up my doors stop my houses ears. She is told to stay inside, lock the doors and bar the windows whilst there is a party happening outside and she is practically forbidden to even look out the window. Being a young lady well capable of looking after herself this must seem like torture to Jessica because she is being treated like a child. Again though this only seems like a harsh act to the modern reader, in the Elizabethan era daughters were expected to follow her fathers orders word for word so this would not have been to sympathise with Jessica for. In fact her reaction to this might have cost life. Farewell, and if my fortune not be crossd, I have a father, you a daughter, lost. It seems that she had planned her runaway before hand so this sort of treatment was probably normal for Shylock. In contrast to the Elizabethan way of thinking, the modern reader might think that running away isnt such a bad thing to do seeing as she is capable of looking after herself. Even though we know the way in which Shylock treats his daughter, we have to sympathise with him because Jessica is his only child and however harsh a father he might be it obviously hurt him a great deal to lose her by the way he acts in the next scene. my own flesh and blood to rebel. The repetition of this phrase implies that Shylock is very upset by the loss of his daughter, we recognise this because the strong language he is using, for example to rebel is repeated along with flesh and blood. The repletion of these words suggests Shylock has become fixated on his daughter being his own flesh and blood. This suggests that because he has been tormented so much he has to hold on to the fact that his daughter is his flesh and blood as if it were slipping away. We are made to sympathise further with Shylock because as well as having to deal with the loss of his daughter he has to come to terms with the fact that she took money from him and also his dead wifes ring. Two thousand ducats in that, and other precious, precious jewels! My daughter! O my ducats! Oh my daughter. Salarino is not helping Shylock in any way; in fact he tries to make his misery worse There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than between jet and ivory. This comment is aggressively thrown at Shylock purposely trying to get a negative reaction from him and is typical of the abuse being constantly thrown at him. In response to this, Shylock starts talking about his bond with Antonio, which signifies again his ability to ignore the insults being thrown at him. Based on this evidence it would seem that Shylock is a man more sinned against than sinning but more evidence is yet to be uncovered. After this it seems as if Shylock has had enough and is about to break down from all the abuse hes suffered and this is explored in his emotional speech in the scene. Shylock pours out his heart in this speech at first telling of how Antonio treats him and then delves deeper and painfully recalls about his own race: (He hath disgraced, hindered, laughed, mocked, scorned and thwarted me because I am a Jew). We can tell he has put his heart behind what he has said because of the strong emotive language that is used such as disgraced Shylock is telling us for the first time the pitiful and numerous ways in which he is being treated. It proves to the audience that his life must almost be a living hell. He tells us how he is not just hated and used at peoples leisure, he is made to look like a fool which can often hurt more and people go out of their way to do it. Being aware of the way he is treated and the feeble reason for it (in our eyes) we are able to understand why Shylock hates him so much and from this example it seems he has a very good reason to. Shylock goes on to try and make Salarino and Solanio understand that there really is no reason for Christians to hate Jews. Hath not a Jew eyes if you prick us do we no bleed. Shakespeare makes many of these sorts of comparisons between the Jew and everyone else. These being genuine characteristics of men Shakespeare makes us feel genuinely sorry for Shylock himself and not just for Jews in general. It seems like after this point in the play Shylock turns into a different character. We can notice this change because his obsession with money comes to an end and he is no longer interested by it. Shylock suddenly becomes so blinded by his bond and revenge that he loses most of our sympathy very quickly. if you wrong us shall we not revenge he villainy you teach me I will execute. To the audience, this sounds like an act of villainy is to come because of the strong and hate driven language used by Shylock, e. g. revenge execute. From now we fear that Shylock is going to try and get something out of this. It is as if all the ill treatment he has been receiving is going to come out and he is going to release his anger. In the last scene we see Shylock in, it is not the same Shylock we have witnessed in the early stages of the play: he is now a man fuelled by hate and anger who has set out to achieve one thing, revenge. Nothing is going to stop him from getting what he thinks is rightfully his. I shall have my bond. Even after several reasonable and eloquent pleas for mercy and offers of very generous sums of money (which used to be his life) Shylock is still intent on having his bond. We can tell this because he whets thy knife on the sole of his shoe. This action makes the scene more dramatic and we really start to see the product of all his hate bubbling inside of him. It is as if his loathing for Antonio is seeping out now because even the thought of cutting the flesh off Antonio excites him a great deal. Most learned judge. Shylock goes as far as to flatter the judge because he is so happy. This gets sickening to hear because he is not out to just prove a point, Shylock is after Antonios life and this in most peoples eyes in an unmistakeable act of villainy. When at last Portia puts an end to Shylocks cruel intension, it is not surprising that we find Shylock broken and feeble. He has been stopped dead in his tracks trying to fulfil what he thinks would be getting back some of the injustice that has faced Jews all over the world. As the penalty of Shylocks actions is given out no one stops to think about why he wouldnt give up his cause, no one cares because he is a Jew even though Antonio can see the reasoning behind it. He seeks my life, his reasoning well I know (Act 3 Scene 3). The terms he has to deal with are very severe, he has to be content with losing all his possessions and horrifically he is forced to convert to the Christian faith. It is because of these conditions that it doesnt come as a shock that his last lines are I pray you give me leave to go from hence; I am not well. These touching words are the last of a man torn by anger, hate and sorrow. This is where Shakespeares genius shows because it leaves us with the difficult task of deciding whether Shylock has got what he deserved or has been subject to an incredible injustice. To say that Shylock is a man more sinned against than sinning is a reasonable thing. As we have heard, Shylock has had so many wrong doings against him and was constantly being bombarded with acts of cruelty, that it has ultimately resulted in him losing everything he has ever cared about including his sense of self and his health. Shylock is meant to be ridiculed by the audience and even though the play is supposed to be a romantic comedy there is a hidden depth to the play. We must recognise the difference between Shylocks apparel and his personality and if we look deeply we can see that Shakespeares Shylock is not the villainous character he is made to be.

Executive Compensation essays

Executive Compensation essays This is a modification to the stock options. At the core this strategy deals with rewarding stock options and cash to its executives. A typical example of how it works: A CEO receives a contingent grant of up to 5,000 performance shares at the beginning of the year. The total shareholder return relative to an industry peer group dictates how many shares the executive actually gets. If the shareholder return value relative to the industry peer group is below then the executive would not get any shares. It the return is well above that of its industry peers then the executive gets his share. The higher the return the more shares the executive actually earns. Performance shares are usually paid out in a combination of company stock and cash, however there might be a requirement with holding the stock for a period of time after it is awarded. The advantage of this approach is that by requiring the company to outperform its peers, the plan is supposed to reduce payoffs tied only to rising stock prices. The catch here is that if the stock price is flat over a period of time and the company does better than its peers, the executives would get pay out but not shared by its investors. Since the stock market is not part of the equation the volatile stock market is not going to dictate the executive pay. I think that the method of tying bonus to the return of investment is going to gain support. Since the market became more volatile, pay experts have said stock grants may be used more widely More and more institutional investors are becoming critical of stock grants, as they are an outright gift of shares to the executives. To summarize I think that the bonus and performance shares are a good alternative ...

Communication Research Paper Writing Tips

Communication Research Paper Writing Tips Tips on Writing a Communication Research Paper The name of this particular type of assignments makes it clear that a communication research paper depicts the process of interaction between people. It is based on sociological baselines in addition to other fields like ethics, anthropology, society, fine arts, etc. As a rule, it is assigned to students who have a communication study course and learn different types of interactions including rhetorical, interpersonal, theoretical, and some others. Once you have been assigned to write a paper on any of the above-mentioned topics, you should keep in mind that one theme cannot exist without a close relation with another. This is our first and foremost tip when writing a communication research paper. Now, lets have a closer look at the structure of the paper as well as general writing advice. Communication Research Paper Structure Any academic assignment is supposed to have a clear structure featuring every block logically connected with each other. The same thing is with a communication research paper. Keep an eye on every stage of the writing process to ensure the following: A Solid Introduction the first step is to write a long introduction where you highlight all the facts, problems. methodology and solutions. Not only your introduction is supposed to be informative, but also interesting for the reader. The introduction must include a strong thesis statement as well; Do the Research the term research paper considers doing some research work and analysis. The more validity your paper gets, the more trust your readers will have. State all the information in a persuasive but not intrusive way. Present yourself as an expert in a chosen field. The only way to achieve such approach is to get involved in a thorough investigation of the topic; Write the Body each body paragraph is the core of your major work. It should contain 100% of your findings in addition to argumentations and solutions to the problems raised in the introduction section. Drive your readers to a conclusion and encourage them for a discussion; Write a Conclusion a conclusion may be divided into two paragraphs when it comes to a communication research paper. They include discussion and summary. The first part should highlight the weak and strong aspects of the topic in addition to development opportunities and solutions. The second paragraph summarizes the information and introduces results. As you can see, a research paper on communication has a typical structure although it requires maximum involvement and investigation. Some General Writing Advice Most students start facing difficulties at first steps of writing a communication paper. You may boast the best analytic skills but still fail to get started. This is where our general writing advice may come in handy: Think of a provoking and inspiring topic that would be of great interest for your readers. Once you are able to grab their attention and make them read the text till the end, the academic success is guaranteed. Plan ahead and write an outline. The idea is to work out an effective writing strategy in advance. Look through as many communication articles, studies, surveys and other information sources as you can. Us experts opinions and include some of your own thoughts as a real-life example. Overview your paper before providing it to your teacher. Ask your friends or relatives to read it and share their opinion. A communication research paper is not about studying published articles and researches. It is about the ability to analyze and compare sources to provide your own summary of the problem. The idea is to help students contribute in the discipline by offering their own solutions. Write from the first person unless the requirements are different. Reference list is obligatory for this type of assignment. Mistakes to Avoid We hope our tips and recommendations will put an ease on the writing process making it as clear as possible. However, you should still avoid some of the common mistakes many students do when writing a communication research paper: Avoid presenting a simple compilation of material that has been already published by scientists and experts; Avoid all types of mistakes including grammar, stylistic and spelling; Avoid plagiarism and make your paper unique; Do not use superlatives, do not be too intensive; Include every part of the paper structure; Stick to the subject. If you still face difficulties when completing this type of assignment, you can opt for professional writing services and forget about all your education troubles for good!

Critical Success Factor Report (Alley Cafe) Essay

Critical Success Factor Report (Alley Cafe) - Essay Example Apart from that, it has created a personal niche by conducting events with budding local talents. The Cafe offers a platform where talented enthusiasts perform live as well as display their arts and paintings on gallery walls of the Cafe. The gallery wall is a place where paintings and artworks of numerous new talents are displayed. Some of the well-known and preferred menus are baked organic beans, toast and scrambled eggs (Alley Cafà ©, 2014b). The objective of the report is to evaluate and analyse critical success factors for Alley Cafe. The current report is a retail audit of a medium sized retail organisation, Alley Cafe, with major focus on its critical success factors. The retail audit will help in identifying the current market demand and make future forecasts accordingly. This information will be subsequently used for recognizing success factors specific for the industry in which Alley Cafe operates. The research methodology includes both primary and secondary research. Primary research has been done by conducting a customer survey in order to analyse present market demand for Alley cafe and competitor’s positioning in the market. Secondary research includes extensive review of the company and competitors through literature study, articles, journals and authentic websites. Out of 177 respondents surveyed for retail audit, 83 never visited the Cafe (Figure 6). Taking the higher margin in each category for money spent, average monthly income for Alley Cafe is estimated to be around 1011 Euros. Also, majority of customers spend less than 15 Euros while visiting Alley Cafe. The demand for coffee is more during the winter season. Apart from that, United Kingdom is a majorly coffee consuming nation. Many new small and local coffee shops and snacks bar are being launched, increasing overall competitive environment of the local market (Figure 8). Also, survey results showed that customer demand for full English

Limited Liability Partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Limited Liability Partnership - Essay Example This business entity will be registered in the US under the state laws of the country. As an entrepreneur, I have identified two other investors who have a similar objective of establishing a social communication company in the US that will link up people through a website. In order for people to communicate, they will have to register and give their personal details that will differentiate them from other persons. Under this communication platform, we will earn our income from advertisements, which are posted, on our websites. This means that the higher the number of registered social networkers, the greater the outreach of advertisements. We intend to have a global presence and a minimum of 250,000 registered people by the end of the first fiscal year. To achieve our noble idea, we have decided to form a partnership business with the two investors. We will register our partnership business under the Uniform Partnership Act of 1996 that govern partnership businesses in the US. Our b usiness will be a limited liability partnership that will strictly follow the regulations laid by the Act. Limited liability partnership has several advantages that have fascinated us to form a partnership business. Under the limited liability partnership, all the partners in the business will be limited depending with their individual contributions to the business. In the partnership agreement, we have decided that each partner will contribute equally to the business. This means that the amount of liability will be treated equally to all partners. Moreover, the profits and losses will be shared equally to the partners. Besides, all partners should participate equally in management of our partnership business in order to achieve our vision, mission, goals, and objectives. Various factors have riveted us to form a limited liability partnership. Limited liability partnerships are advantageous in that they are easy to establish and manage as compared to corporations and companies. Limi ted liability partnerships require no minimum capital to be established as compared to other forms of businesses, such as companies and corporations. The partners in the agreement decide the amount of capital in this form of business. Limited liability partnerships have few legal formalities required to establish the business. For instance, a few numbers of partners, 2, are required to form the partnerships as compared to a company’s 50 members. In management of our partnership business, designated partners, who are in charge for ensuring the compliances of all applicable laws, will manage daily operations of limited liability partnership. Limited liability partnerships are advantageous in that the partnerships are treated as separate legal entities from their owners. This means that the partners cannot be sued individually for the liabilities resulting from the partnership. This means as limited liability partners, we are obliged to take responsibility of the partnership bus iness through proper management. Furthermore, limited liability partnerships and their members are treated as distinct and separate from each other (Bouchoux 34). These depicts that a partner will be accountable for the duties bequeathed upon them by the partnership. Additionally, partners in this form of business organization are not held responsible for the acts of other partners and their personal assets are treated separately and never exposed unless there is a case of fraud. Limited liability partnerships are flexible as compared to companies. Flexibility of limited liability partnerships is brought about by the minimal legal requirements to establish the partnership. Such an example is the minimal amount of capital required to

Deciphering Organizational Culture through Artifacts Term Paper

Deciphering Organizational Culture through Artifacts - Term Paper Example Organisational culture is evidenced in the manner in which the business conducts its activities such as interactions with stakeholders like customers, employees and the wider society (Mukherjee, 2005). It is also manifested by extend in which creativity and individual imitativeness are tolerated in the organisation (Mukherjee, 2005). In addition, culture is evidenced in the levels of the organisational structure and the chain of command that influences the channels of information flow in the organisation. Proper organisational culture enhances employee commitment to the shared mission and objectives of the organisation (Mukherjee, 2005). The culture will also enhance or hinder the productivity and performance of each individual employee in the organisation. Shared organisational culture unites multicultural workforce thus leading to a sense of unity and appreciation of the differences in their cultural backgrounds (Brown, 1998). In this case, the culture will foster conflict resoluti on and efficient communication thus leading to perceptions of equality among the diverse workforce. Organisational culture also enables the organisation to retain and attract highly qualified skilled manpower since the right culture enables employees have a sense of higher personal accomplishment by being part of the organisational workforce (Mohanty & Rath, 72). Organisational culture enables employees increase their productivity since they expect to earn appreciation and recognition from the top management. (Brown, 1998). The culture facilitates achievement of the mission of the organisation through enabling employees take responsibility for their roles and responsibilities in the organisation (Brown, 1998). The culture affects the organisation in several ways. The culture acts as the organisational identity and contributes to brand image formation (Brown, 1998). Culture enables the organisations create energy and momentum for future success through outlining the employee attribut es and behaviours that are essential for the attainment of the mission of the organisation. The culture promotes healthy relationships in the organisation thus limiting the chances of employee grievances and go-slows that may negatively impact on the continuance of operations and productivity in the organisation (Brown, 1998). The culture influences the rate of innovation and new product development in the organisation (Brown, 1998). A culture that tolerates risk will encourage employees to experiment news ideas without fear of making mistakes thus contributing to higher chances of implementation of innovative working processes

POETRY COMMENTARY BEHAVIOUR OF FISH IN AN EGYPTIAN TEA GARDEN Essay

POETRY COMMENTARY BEHAVIOUR OF FISH IN AN EGYPTIAN TEA GARDEN - Essay Example She judges the personality of men around her and chooses a rich man for accompanying her as she sits alone waiting for â€Å"a collector, a rich man†. All other men get busy in their jobs after getting disappointed in her case. Different kinds of men are portrayed as different kind of fish. The old man is portrayed as â€Å"a cotton magnate† â€Å"with great eyepouches and a golden mouth† speaking of his richness, age and experience. The young man is portrayed as a â€Å"lean dark mackerel†. The poem comprises seven stanzas of dissimilar rhythmic pattern. However, the poem follows some pattern as it contains rhyming pattern such as first stanza has rhyming words like â€Å"fish, wish†, â€Å"afternoon, spoon† and so on. We can also find rhyming words in other stanzas such as â€Å"submarine, lean†, â€Å"chair, stare† and â€Å"see, be†. The lines of the poem are not complete in themselves as they are connected to one another and get completed in several lines such. For example, a full stop can be seen after four or five lines. The poem as a whole follows an organized structure as we can find four lines in each

Law Enforcement's use of public surveys Research Paper

Law Enforcement's use of public surveys - Research Paper Example With this kind of understanding, this paper precisely investigates homicide of a mayor. Inclusively in the paper is an in depth description of the roles played in the investigation, the purpose and use of a psychological autopsy, the various steps undertaken in carrying out psychological autopsy, and recognition of the psychological issues experienced by the officers and families. Roles Played in the Investigation. The carrying out of the investigation will be made possible with the help of a police psychologist. In this sense, as a police psychologist there are several roles which need to be accomplished accordingly with immediate effect. It should be noted that, the police psychology is always concerned with solving issues particularly concerning to public safety in order to facilitate peaceful coexistence (Brian, 2006). Various roles played by the police psychologists in the investigation will involve the recognition of deception, undercover interviewing, behavioral analyses of th e scene, and report analyses. In order to come up with clear information concerning the death of the mayor, it will be important to recognize the deception involved following his death. This will in turn call for the undercover consultation which will be aimed towards facilitating the necessary and required information for the success of the investigation (Weiss, 2010). ... It is evident that, the whole investigation will rely on police psychologist who will be responsible for the bringing together of the aspects based on the investigative information (Cox, 2004). The roles of the police psychologists will therefore be based on presumptions and the manner in which rule enforcement executive can be sustained through scientific investigate. The Function and Use of a Psychological Autopsy Psychological autopsy simply refers to the process for examining an individual death through reconstructing what the individual â€Å"thought, felt, and did prior his death.† The process of reconstruction will be linked in the lead of the information collected from police reports, personal documents, head to head interviews with families and friends, and any person who had contact with the mayor before his death (Jack, 2011). In our case, psychological autopsy will rely on these facts in order to be in position to identify the gunshot wound on the head which could be the reason for the death of the mayor. As it comes from the denotation, the major function of psychological autopsy therefore is to appraise more exactly the death procedure of the decedent and therefore elucidate the concluding categorization of the demise manner in the death official document. In this sense, the process functions in determining the reason for the death by investigating the bodily condition of the deceased (Weiss, 2010). In instances where the way of death is unsolved and unclear, psychological autopsy helps the medical expert in clearing up the secrecy. The gathered information indicates that, before becoming the mayor he was a chief and hence was very close to several officers and administrators.

Paralegal Class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paralegal Class - Assignment Example Since it is a legal firm, they are also required to have excellent communication skills. Since the law firm is a very busy environment, they should also have the ability to multi-task, meet strict deadlines and also have to be flexible to work at odd hours. I find this job advertisement interesting because they place emphasis on fresh graduates with hardly any experience in order to mold them to be what the company needs. The notice was found in an easy internet search. Checks and balances are put in place to make sure that each of the three arms of the government, the legislature, the judiciary and the executive, does not have too much power. For instance, article two section 4 states that the president, the vice president and other civil officials shall be removed from power if they are proven guilty of any acts of corruption. The president or the civil servants do not have the power to absolve themselves of the acts of crime should the congress decide to impeach them (Article 2 Section 2). Article three Section one states that judicial power shall be decided upon by the Supreme Court or any other court as deemed fit by the Congress (Article 3, Section 1). Article one Section one says that the Congress has the right to decide upon how much power the legislation has (Article Section

Law Enforcement's use of public surveys Research Paper

Law Enforcement's use of public surveys - Research Paper Example With this kind of understanding, this paper precisely investigates homicide of a mayor. Inclusively in the paper is an in depth description of the roles played in the investigation, the purpose and use of a psychological autopsy, the various steps undertaken in carrying out psychological autopsy, and recognition of the psychological issues experienced by the officers and families. Roles Played in the Investigation. The carrying out of the investigation will be made possible with the help of a police psychologist. In this sense, as a police psychologist there are several roles which need to be accomplished accordingly with immediate effect. It should be noted that, the police psychology is always concerned with solving issues particularly concerning to public safety in order to facilitate peaceful coexistence (Brian, 2006). Various roles played by the police psychologists in the investigation will involve the recognition of deception, undercover interviewing, behavioral analyses of th e scene, and report analyses. In order to come up with clear information concerning the death of the mayor, it will be important to recognize the deception involved following his death. This will in turn call for the undercover consultation which will be aimed towards facilitating the necessary and required information for the success of the investigation (Weiss, 2010). ... It is evident that, the whole investigation will rely on police psychologist who will be responsible for the bringing together of the aspects based on the investigative information (Cox, 2004). The roles of the police psychologists will therefore be based on presumptions and the manner in which rule enforcement executive can be sustained through scientific investigate. The Function and Use of a Psychological Autopsy Psychological autopsy simply refers to the process for examining an individual death through reconstructing what the individual â€Å"thought, felt, and did prior his death.† The process of reconstruction will be linked in the lead of the information collected from police reports, personal documents, head to head interviews with families and friends, and any person who had contact with the mayor before his death (Jack, 2011). In our case, psychological autopsy will rely on these facts in order to be in position to identify the gunshot wound on the head which could be the reason for the death of the mayor. As it comes from the denotation, the major function of psychological autopsy therefore is to appraise more exactly the death procedure of the decedent and therefore elucidate the concluding categorization of the demise manner in the death official document. In this sense, the process functions in determining the reason for the death by investigating the bodily condition of the deceased (Weiss, 2010). In instances where the way of death is unsolved and unclear, psychological autopsy helps the medical expert in clearing up the secrecy. The gathered information indicates that, before becoming the mayor he was a chief and hence was very close to several officers and administrators.

How Successful are Organizations Related to Assisted Suicide in the US Research Paper - 1

How Successful are Organizations Related to Assisted Suicide in the US Attempt to Polarize Public Opinion Through the Use of Language in Their Campaign - Research Paper Example In some European nations such as the Netherlands, euthanasia is accepted in some circumstances. The Dutch government has even discussed how physicians who agree to kill their terminally ill patients can be kept from being held responsible for their deaths. Over the past three decades, â€Å"American law in many states has given its citizens more rights over the events that take place in their own lives† (Amarasekara and Bagaric, 399). One of these rights is the right to determine when to discontinue medical procedures that will sustain their lives. The difference between euthanasia or mercy killing and the rejection of medical treatment has not been discussed at depth in public forums. Basically, the frequently used expression of the "right to die" mucks the distinction. In addition, the mass medias exposure of individual cases of euthanasia simply serves to distort the difference between public policy and a private act. There exists a distinct difference between â€Å"what a person might feel is practical in a particular case and what would really occur in the offices of physicians and other medical practitioners if euthanasia and assisted suicide became an accepted medical procedure† (Appel, 2). This topic is of the great significance as the public opinion polls, which always confront this issue by considering whether the members of the public think they will seek this way out if they were struck by a painful terminal illness, usually do not confront the issue of what it would mean if killing was made to be an acceptable practice that can be carried out by medical practitioners without fear of being prosecuted. Assisted suicide takes place when one individual helps another to take his or her own life, either by offering the instrument to commit suicide or by other basic steps. Euthanasia involves direct procedures, like a lethal injection, administered by one individual to end another individuals life.

On the Value of a Degree in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

On the Value of a Degree in the Philippines Essay The employment chances of a fresh college graduate is only 4 in 10, with only 1 in that 4 attaining work relevant to one’s course. Even in light of the unprecedented growth of 6. 6% in GDP over the last year, the labor sector fails to follow suit in what economists characterize as a job-shedding growth. So where does a college degree place us? With the increased pressures on the youth to attend college, many consider the existence of a higher education bubble. The concept hypothesizes, in part, that movements in factors such as tuition payments and unemployable graduates severely decrease the rate of return to a college degree up to a point where it is rendered useless. In the case of the Philippines, effective capping of tuition fees to relatively affordable rates, spaces us from a bubble as of yet. However, it is to be stressed that with everyone jumping in the college wagon all at once – as is apparent now– we will soon find college degrees as no more useful than scratch, and then the true bubble begins. There are too many college graduates. All college students should be aware that although a degree does open doors it loses much of its value as more and more people achieve this accolade. In 2012, a total of 517,425 college students graduated and entered the labor force. With another half a million expected to graduate in March this year, there is increasing concern on their place in the labor market. The number of graduates increase over the years, however jobs increase terribly less, if they increase at all – 882,000 jobs were reported to have disappeared in 2012. Since too many people compete for the same job, employers can afford to lower wages or increase qualifications as much as possible. This is apparent in the over qualification of some jobs – now supermarket baggers or janitors are expected to have had some years of college or even graduated the same, as opposed to the minimum of high school undergraduate in most other countries. College courses are insufficient or incompatible with jobs offered in the market. The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) holds job and livelihood fairs across the country, recently offering a total of 360,777 job vacancies. But on a nationwide count only 5,101 job applicants were hired on the spot. In another attempt, the government posted in its Phil. JobNet website 230,000 jobs but only 117,000 applied. Apparently, the jobs created by the government are inconsistent with what graduates believe they deserve or were trained for in those four or more years of education. To add, even once employed underemployment lingers – tainting up to about 7. 2 million job matches – with insufficient base pay as main culprit. Nearly everyone believes a college education is essential. In our society, the college degree has been stigmatized as the best and surest – and sometimes only – path to take in preparation for one’s career. This is contestable however as evidenced in European countries where entrepreneurship and technical education are much more popular and profitable paths than college. The Philippines doesn’t necessarily lack these options, (i. e. TESDA) rather we lack awareness and social approval for these said alternatives. Solutions De-emphasize the necessity of a college degree. The higher education system of countries like Germany, remain stable and un-depreciated, since non-professional or non-corporate jobs are highly popular and equally regarded with college education. Removing the stigma of a college degree can relieve pressure on prices and rates of return to higher education. Therefore, introducing and popularizing technical courses – which are actually highly demanded – can solve much of the Philippine labor problem. Redesigning colleges and curriculums to incorporate in-demand jobs. Supply may be easier adjusted to cope with the requirements of demand, rather than the other way around. Close association with firms accompanied by an overhaul of course curriculums to better suit the needs of employers can effectively reduce mismatch. Administrators and faculty should understand the factors at work in how their programs are depreciating since if the market for college degrees becomes over-saturated we will all pay the price of meaningless degrees and poor opportunity for many in the workplace. Many experts and opinions point to the government’s futile efforts at job creation (i. e. demand) as the main antagonist in this story. However, the equally policy-relevant yet rarely focused upon supply side of labour may offer other, more easily interceded directions. Solving the Philippines’ problems on labour is a tall order however attacking from all sides – both demand and supply – can better efforts towards the nationwide goal of inclusive growth. Reference: Higher Education Bubble Will Burst, May 3, 2011 http://www. usnews. com/education/blogs/the-college-solution/2011/05/03/higher-education-bubble-will-burst, Accessed February 11, 2013 The Value of a Degree, May 06, 2011 http://www. popecenter. org/commentaries/article. html? id=2517, Accessed February 11, 2013 Joblessness: How deep, what needs to be done?, February 06, 2013. http://www. bworldonline. com/content. php? section=Opiniontitle=Joblessness:-How-deep,-what-needs-to-be-done? id=65457, Accessed February 11 ,2013 For inclusive growth: Jobs with higher wages, February 9, 2013 http://www. philstar. com/opinion/2013/02/09/906642/inclusive-growth-jobs-higher-wages, Accessed February 11 ,2013 Oversupply of Unemployable Graduates, January 23, 2010 http://planetphilippines. com/migration/a-disastrous-oversupply-of-unemployable-graduates, Accessed February 11 ,2013 Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics Commission on Higher Education.

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English Literature Essay

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English Literature Essay To the query, what is a friend? Aristotles response was a single soul dwelling in two bodies.' These friends are the ones who most likely know us better than we know ourselves, and whose names are forever branded on our heart (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Consider for a moment, which of these people are in your life; your friendship with them didnt happen in the blink of an eye. Over time we gradually begin to let these people see who we really are, and our friendship begins to grow into something memorable. Friends are what have enriched my life. Oh, I have loved my family, but its not the same. Friends have brought me more of the world; theyve added spice and variety (Apter Josselson, 1998). We are born into our family, but one amazing thing about our life is that we have the ability to choose our friends. There are some common characteristics that span across all types of friendships: rules shape the friendship, can last a lifetime and typically consist of people in the same age rang e (Floyd, 2009). How are cross-sex friendships similar to same-sex friendships? How are they different? Using major motion pictures that depict this remarkable bond between friends, we realize the qualities these friendships possess that make them similar and yet how different they really are. Similarities Notice that when Aristotle was asked, what is a friend? he didnt respond a single soul dwelling in two female bodies, or two male bodies, or even a male and a female body, its a single soul in two bodies. Friendship has no limits; there is no rule that says we can or cannot have friends of the same or opposite sex. Regardless of how many friends we have, same-sex or cross-sex, they all share the same purpose. Each and every relationship provides comfort during difficult times, outlets for expression of fear, feelings and fantasies, companionship, acceptance, and greater self-knowledge (Monsour, 2002). In the movie The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, Bridget, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen define friendship as it occurs between girls/women. We were there for the things we couldnt face alone, or the ones we didnt want to face at all. Together, it was as if we formed one single, complete person (Ephron Brashares, 2005). Despite the obstacles that the girls face, their love and support for each other keeps their friendship strong. We know now that no matter how far we traveled on our own separate paths, somehow we would always find our way back to each other; and with that, we could get through anything. To us, who we were, who we are, and who well be. To the sisterhood, this moment, and the rest of our lives together and apart (Ephron Brashares, 2005). Although the girls have their own obstacles to deal with, they overcome them individually because of the unique bond that is their friendship. Likewise, the movie 8 Seconds tells the incredible true story of World Champion Bull Rider Lane Frost. The film not only documents Lanes rise to fame, but also displays Lanes friendship with fellow bull riders, Tuff Hedeman and Cody Lambert. Some people believe that men are incapable of having intimate friendships like women with other men (Derlega, 1992). Floyd (2009) states that equal levels of closeness are apparent in same-sex friendships regardless of sex. While doing an interview with George Michael, Lane says this about friend and fellow rider, Tuff Hedeman: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦me and my traveling partner Tuff Hedeman have been trading places all year. Sometimes hes in first, next week Im in first. If he wins, Ill be so happy for him, Ill forget about myself losing (Merrick, 1994). Lane, Tuff, and Cody arent just traveling buddies; they support each other no matter what, despite the fact that they compete against each other. After Lanes tragic death in 1989, Tuff realized how much Lane believed in him, and how amazing the friendship truly was. Back in the spring, Lane said, this is your year. that Id win the championship; [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] now its only a week away and I really think that I got a chance. I never had anybody believe that much in me (Merrick, 1994). Tuff Hedeman won the World Championship that year, just as Lane had predicted, and Tuff rode an extra eight seconds in memory of Lane. Harry Burns and Sally Albright are two iconic best friends. Harry: The first time we met, we hated each other [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the third time we met, we became friends. Sally: We were friends for a long time (Ephron N. , 1989). Can men and women be friends, without sex getting in the way? This question was presented in the 1989 movie, When Harry Met Sally. Despite the fact that Harry and Sally end up together at the conclusion of the film, the friendship they have is more than that of any ordinary couple involved in a sexual relationship. Making a cross-gender relationship work does not solely depend on recognizing our differences. Its a matter of appreciating those differences as well (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Harry and Sally have a friendship very similar to what two women or two men might have; they are each others confidantes, support systems, and are committed to making their friendship work. After looking at three different films depicting friendships, the similarities between same-sex (female), same-sex (male), and cross-sex friendships become apparent. The social support given by same-sex friends can also be observed in cross-sex friendships (Monsour, 2002). Samuel Taylor Coleridge said, friendship is a sheltering tree, regardless of sex, it is obvious that all of these friendships are exactly that; a sheltering tree for everyone involved in the friendship. Differences We cant just look at the similarities between friendships, because lets face it, men and women are very different. The basic rules of friendship are similar, but the way we go about accomplishing them isnt always the same. Migliaccio (2009) says that a mans friendship is more than simply a product of being a man [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the form of intimacy men experience is called closeness in the doing, also known as shared activity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦women and men value different aspects of their respective friendships, women place greater emphasis on conversational and emotional expressiveness, whereas mens friendships focus on shared activities and interests (Floyd, 2009). A stereotypical girls night might consist of dinner, some drinks, and conversations about friends, love, life, and the future. On the other hand, a guys night could be a game of poker or a night at the gym playing a pick-up game of basketball. Within female friendship we satisfy our psychological hunger to explore different thoughts and feelings [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] they build one anothers confidence or tear it down (Apter Josselson, 1998). Despite having to spend the summer away from each other, the girls in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants keep their friendship strong by writing letters to each other as if they were still together. In a letter that Lena writes Carmen, she expresses how afraid she actually is to fall in love. Hes right, Car. I am afraid. Theres a part of me that wants to let him in but then I feel myself put this wall up and I dont understand why. Maybe thats what strikes me most about Kostas: that despite everything hes suffered he can still look at life in the most uncomplicated way. Ive never known that kind of faith. It makes me so sad that people like Kostas and Bridget who have lost everything can still be open to lovewhile I, who have lost nothing, am not. (Ephron Brashares, 2005) Bridget, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen are able to express their emotions, fears, and feelings through a letter and a pair of secondhand jeans. Wear them, theyll make you brave (Ephron Brashares, 2005). The psychological hunger to examine ones ambitions, and emotions is satisfied by female friendships, there is no need to perform femininity such as men perform masculinity in their friendships. A womans friendship inevitably shapes and changes who the woman is (Apter Josselson, 1998). Unlike women, men stereotypically dont share all the intimate details that go on in their lives. As stated earlier, men generally emphasize the activities and interests they share with their friends. Lane Frost, Tuff Hedeman, and Cody Lambert, obviously have a friendship consisting of shared activity. First of all, they compete together in bull riding competitions; and when they arent, they spend their nights out at the bars shooting a game of pool. Although the guys still support each other, the emotional connection that typically is apparent with women is sometimes nonexistent. After a bull steps on Lanes groin, Tuff tells Lane he needs to cowboy up, Ive got two words for you Lane, Cowboy Up (Merrick, 1994). The idea that masculinity is a major part in friendships between two or more men is evident in 8 Seconds. The interaction between male friends is not simply because we are men, but a part of performing masculinity in society (Migliaccio, 2009). Lane, Tuff, and Cody, perform mas culinity by expressing boldness, strength, and resiliency. Its guts and love and glory, one mortals chance at fame. His legacy is rodeo, and cowboy is his name (Merrick, 1994). When Harry met Sally, a life long friendship began. The obvious difference in their friendship was the exact thing Sally denied sex, and eventually love. At the end of the film, Harry races to meet Sally in order to tell her exactly how he feels: I love that you get cold when its 71 degrees out. I love that it takes you an hour and a half to order a sandwich. I love that you get a little crinkle above your nose when youre looking at me like Im nuts. I love that after I spend the day with you, I can still smell your perfume on my clothes. And I love that you are the last person I want to talk to before I go to sleep at night (Ephron N. , 1989). One substantial difference between same-sex friends and cross-sex friends is the possibility for two cross-sex friends to fall in love. Another is that cross-sex friends are able to encourage the opposite sex friend to engage in opportunities that are usually associated with the opposed gender; such as men engaging in emotional expressions and women participating in shared activity (Floyd, 2009). Conclusion Quoting Frederick Buechner, Friends are people you make part of your life just because you feel like it. Basically your friends are not your friends for any particular reason. They are your friends for no particular reason. No one has the power to choose our friends except us, therefore it doesnt matter what sex our friends are. After viewing three movies where different types of friendships are exhibited, the similarities and differences between each type of friendship is very distinct. These distinct qualities that make our friendships alike or not, have the power to change the roles of our friends. Who are your best friends? Does it matter what their sex is?

Free College Admissions Essays: My Experience :: College Admissions Essays

College Admissions : My experience To whom that cares!!! At this moment when I am sitting down here writing this, I suddenly think of this time last year when I was fresh out of high school, hearing about Berea for the first time. I sent my application to Berea with lots of confidence and hope, and I knew I was not accepted. College to me, as much as to many others, is so important. At the time I heard the news of my being denied, I was disappointed, but soon I realized that my failure was just among the many challenges that anybody has to face during their lifetime. Further more, I happened to know, later on, about the two other Vietnamese who were accepted. Having known that hardly ever more than one student from each country is accepted to Berea, I was so proud to know that the ability of Vietnamese students has been recognized and that, despite of the fact that our country still faces many difficulties, the students have been trying to reach high goals. In Vietnamese proverbs, we have this saying :" A day one goes, a sea of knowledge he earns". By this time, I have realized how true it is. Last year, I was an exchange student in a high school in Mississippi. That was the first time I went overseas. Although, before this trip, I was quite used to living independently because I had to live without my mom for almost 7 years during the time she went to work in Poland. However, my first trip abroad was something totally new and different. A very different country and her people first met me. I gradually got used to everything and felt that those adaptations I had made also came with growth in my maturity. When mentioning about maturity, I am quite sure about what I am talking. Obviously, I still am a long way from being an adult who has gone through enough hardships in life to have the right to judgment on life. However, I believe that the ten months I was away from my homeland, from my family, I now look at my life and future with a very serious and subjective point of view. If I had not been in the U.S, I would never have known of an eventful U.S senior year in high school, and the people, the lifestyle there. Free College Admissions Essays: My Experience :: College Admissions Essays College Admissions : My experience To whom that cares!!! At this moment when I am sitting down here writing this, I suddenly think of this time last year when I was fresh out of high school, hearing about Berea for the first time. I sent my application to Berea with lots of confidence and hope, and I knew I was not accepted. College to me, as much as to many others, is so important. At the time I heard the news of my being denied, I was disappointed, but soon I realized that my failure was just among the many challenges that anybody has to face during their lifetime. Further more, I happened to know, later on, about the two other Vietnamese who were accepted. Having known that hardly ever more than one student from each country is accepted to Berea, I was so proud to know that the ability of Vietnamese students has been recognized and that, despite of the fact that our country still faces many difficulties, the students have been trying to reach high goals. In Vietnamese proverbs, we have this saying :" A day one goes, a sea of knowledge he earns". By this time, I have realized how true it is. Last year, I was an exchange student in a high school in Mississippi. That was the first time I went overseas. Although, before this trip, I was quite used to living independently because I had to live without my mom for almost 7 years during the time she went to work in Poland. However, my first trip abroad was something totally new and different. A very different country and her people first met me. I gradually got used to everything and felt that those adaptations I had made also came with growth in my maturity. When mentioning about maturity, I am quite sure about what I am talking. Obviously, I still am a long way from being an adult who has gone through enough hardships in life to have the right to judgment on life. However, I believe that the ten months I was away from my homeland, from my family, I now look at my life and future with a very serious and subjective point of view. If I had not been in the U.S, I would never have known of an eventful U.S senior year in high school, and the people, the lifestyle there.

Was the Use of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Truman’s Best Option to End World War Ii

The goal of the investigation is to determine whether the use of nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by U. S. President Truman was the best option to end World War II. The investigation will begin by researching other options available to President Truman, which were debated during the war. Then Truman’s options will be analysed for limitations, such as real-life practicality, as well as reliability of the source which presented the options.Some of the issues which will be examined in this investigation are why both the naval blockade and continued bombing was not an option and why the nuclear bomb was the logical choice over an invasion. Two sources that will be evaluated due to their large amount of usable information and relevant data are Hiroshima and Nagasaki-Fire from the Sky and an article from the Kemble Kollection found at http://www. mikekemble. com/ww2/downfall. html entitled Why America Was Right To Drop The Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima ; Nagasaki, both of which will be analyzed in part C for validity and limitations.Word Count: 173 Part B: Summary of Evidence The war for the United States has gone on for four years; public opinion was starting to decay. When the European theatre was still seeing bloodshed the average civilian could follow along because the locations of Europe were well known to the average American. The Pacific theatre was different in this regard; civilians had no concept of how or where the war was being fought, it is not a huge surprise it was a nuisance to the average person.However that’s not all, advertisers were marketing new and wondrous products that would come after the war ended, along with rationing and the increasing death toll that would reach over three hundred thousand lives before the war was done. With the recent defeat of the Nazis most of the world believed that the war was won; Japan would easily be shoved aside and the war was now a distant annoyance preventing soldiers from returning home and holding back new items from consumers.Because of the pressuring demands of public opinion, President Truman had to find a way to end the war, quickly and cleanly, or he would face the end of public support. Options such as a great naval siege of the Japanese main islands and continued bombing of Japanese cities were considered useless by American Generals, they thought of it as â€Å"choking, but not killing†. Preparations and planning begun on what would have been the largest invasion of all time, code named ‘Operation Downfall’ it would be an amphibious invasion of the Japanese islands involving millions of American soldiers and marines.The first invasion of Operation Downfall was named Operation Olympic and was chosen to arrive on the southern beach on the island Kyushu. However, a new report on enemy troop strength on the island, specifically the southern edge, indicated that the Japanese were quickly reinforcing the southern side of t he island and that troop strength increased from approximately eight thousand to over two hundred and six thousand. The Japanese had figured out what the American military was planning. To make matters worse the Japanese government ordered civilians to take up arms and to defend to the death.With these two issues arriving the estimated death toll arrived at up to a million. With these horrifying odds, the whole goal of Operation Downfall to produce a quick surrender was now even in debate, the fighting on the Japanese Islands may last a very long time. However with a naval siege or B-29 bombing possibly dragging on for years the invasion was still the only considered option. However even the land invasion could cause long term issues; if Japan wasn’t defeated quickly the Soviet Union may also invade setting up even more tension.Thankfully for the United States government, the Manhattan project succeeded in producing the world’s first nuclear bomb, and on August 6th 194 5 atomic bomb ‘Little Boy’ was dropped on Hiroshima. Over eighty thousand people died in the first few seconds, yet the Japanese still refused to surrender on American terms. It took a second nuclear bomb, ‘Fat Man’, being dropped on Nagasaki before they surrendered. Word Count 517 Part C: Evaluation of Sources The two sources of evidence to be critically examined are Hiroshima and Nagasaki-Fire from the Sky by Andrew Langley and The Kemble Kollection by Mike Kemble.Hiroshima and Nagasaki-Fire in the Sky is a novel of the events leading up to and repercussions that followed the dropping of the two nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Published in 2006, and written by accomplished historical author; Andrew Langley. One thing to note about Andrew Langley is that he specializes in writing children’s novels. Although that fact doesn’t compromise the truth behind the writings, it does however indicate that the novel is no t as in-depth as other sources could be, instead providing a broad overview of the events.However despite being oriented towards children it does not hold off on the cruel hard facts such as eighty thousand dead in the blast alone. Although the novel is considered a secondary source it does use real quotes from thoughts of the men dropping the bomb, people involved in making the bomb and from the people being bombed, as well as numerous real pictures. Andrew Langley, using the pictures and the narration makes it very clear that everyone involved with the bomb regretted it –a clear bias, which brings onto the topic of limitations.The novel seems more oriented to educate children on the horror of nuclear war, rather than to educate on the reasons why it was chosen. In fact it does not explore other possibilities that were considered by generals involved and by President Truman himself. The reader would come out of it believing that the only plan was to use the terrible bomb, wh en in reality it was almost not considered. The second source to be evaluated is the Kemble Kollection, here author of On a Sailors Grave (No Roses Grow); Mike Kemble writes about a large variety of different aspects to do with World War II.Mike Kemble makes it clear on his main page that his articles are ideal for education and referencing. The article of particular interest for this assignment is titled U. S. Plans to Invade Japan in World War 2. Why America Was Right to Drop the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima ; Nagasaki. In this article Mike Kemble details operation Downfall, Olympic and numerous other options that were considered by President Truman’s military advisors and generals at the time, as well as the inevitable result of using the atomic bomb. His site is very popular with over 1. 3 million views and all his articles include references to external sites and sources.One thing to question is who Mike Kemble actually is; his site does not mention anything about his crede ntials or any education he may have. Further research says he’s a retired ex-army NCO now working for Legion Security, part of the Royal British Legion. When it comes to limitations on his work, there are very few. Besides some form issues such as poor in-article referencing there really isn’t that much to say he covers most aspects of a topic and explains the reasons for the decisions made. One possible limitation for the particular article used is that most of the ources he references in his collection are not primary ones; however, it is not a huge issue. Word Count 545 Part D: Analysis President Truman, like all presidents, was bound by the demands of the public; they wanted a quick end to the war for numerous reasons. However that statement alone is not necessarily the case, an article for a newspaper written by Admiral William V. Pratt makes it clear that there was another option to invasion and the bomb, a simple navy war of attrition, one with few casualties th at will simply last longer a slow and steady sort of approach.Of course at this point there are clear lines as to who supports what, each branch of military supporting its own particular route to victory. Then there’s the bomb itself, today there is still debate as to whether it was the morally sound way of ending the war. Historian Ralph Raico (a senior scholar of the Mises Institute) argues the what-if scenario. He points to the fact that if the Nazis used an atomic bomb, and the allies still won, then the use of the weapon would be considered a war crime and the Nazis would be hanged –not that they weren’t already.That is undoubtedly true, however an article written by Matthew Seligmann (reader in history at the University of Northampton, and author of Does Peace Lead to War? ) for The Guardian argues the opposite, he states that Japanese controlled territory was suffering from starvation and that four hundred thousand Asians died each month, meaning that the use of the bomb was the morally right thing to do. For the invasion the range of casualties is extremely broad, anywhere between a million to two hundred thousand. Of course each number has its own uses especially if the three military branches were each striving to be the one that ended the war.Former army-man and author Mike Kemble argues that Japan’s population would have been able to survive a navy siege, using its farms and that the bombing could only damage the cities. His main support for this argument is that over half of Japan’s population was in rural areas and even within cities residents often had gardens for fruit and vegetables, often even wheat. With public support for the war slowly dying, Truman had to find a way to quickly end the war. Both a naval blockade and continued bombing were considered ineffective.The only viable solution besides the atomic bomb is the invasion; however with potential for a million casualties and the Soviet Union invading Ja pan, it would have simply not been fast enough. The end of the war was a question of speed, what would force the Japanese to quit, and what would do it the fastest. The fact that two of Japan’s cities had to be destroyed is further proof that carpet bombing, blockades or endless city combat would not have brought the war to a close. President Truman’s best option was to use the two atomic bombs; Fat Man, and Little Boy. Word Count 486 Part E: ConclusionTiming was key for President Truman; all the options presented to him would take too long to end the war and would only bring further complications. The only option he had was to use the two atomic bombs to force the surrender of Japan. Andrew Langley’s book Hiroshima and Nagasaki –Fire from the Sky, because it is directed at the younger audience, it provides an excellently summarized view of the events leading up to the droppings of the atomic bombs. Andrew Langley himself is a well experienced author with plenty of publications and the book from which this investigation takes evidence is filled with primary sources.The bias against the bombs is due to the nature the bombs played in the Cold War, not against the use of the bombs themselves. The Kemble Collection, by Mike Kemble goes in-depth at answering the whys of history, not documenting the flow of history itself but looking at the other options of the times. His work provided some of the greatest plethora of knowledge on the different options Truman faced, and despite the sources that Kemble uses being mostly secondary, his sources are plenty and well founded, and he makes a point of making it well referenced for the sake of education.List of Sourcesâ€Å"The Decision to Use the Bomb†, Book Mice. Net. December 2008.[online] http://www. bookmice. net/darkchilde/japan/atomic. html Seligmann, Matthew.â€Å"The alternatives to bombing Hiroshima were not morally superior†. Guardian. Friday 15 August 2008. Guardian News and Media Limited 2009.[online] www. guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/15/nuclear.japan Langley, Andrew. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A Cristmas Carrol Essay

After visiting the Cornish tin mines in 1842 Charles Dickens wrote ‘A Christmas Carol’ during the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution made a big change in people’s life because this was the introduction into machines in the workplace. In the Victorian times there were lots of poor and rich people, but the rich didn’t talk to the poor and saw them as worthless slaves and did not talk to them. ‘A Christmas Carol was aimed to teach the rich in 1842 a lesson ‘people are more important than money. ‘ Dickens knew what it was like to be poor as he lived in poverty as a child. In ‘A Christmas Carol’ the main character is Ebenezer scrooge, he is the meanest, most self-centred man in London, dickens describes his personality â€Å"The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue† this gives the impression that scrooge has no warmth and will always be lonely. The key words that show this are â€Å"The cold within him. † This makes the reader feel scrooge is old, frozen and has no love at all. Dickens wanted scrooge to represent the worst of the rich in 1842, he wanted to change there ways. Scrooges looks reflect his personality, scrooge is unfriendly to everyone even his family and employees like his book-keeper Bob Cratchit. The way scrooge lives also reflects his personality Dickens shows this by using personification â€Å"They were a gloomy suite of rooms, in a lowering pile of building up a yard, where it had so little business to be, that one could scarcely help fancying it must have run there when it was a young house, playing at hide-and-seek with other houses, and forgotten the way out again. † This reflects the opposite of scrooge’s childhood and is stuck just like scrooge. The key words that show this are ‘forgotten the way out again’ this makes the reader feel that scrooge is lost and so is the house. The people in dickens time were very religious, they believed in heaven and hell, angles and ghosts. This would have shocked them. The ghost of scrooges old work partner Jacob Marly visits scrooge to warn him that he with have three spirits visit him. Scrooge is visited by the three ghosts of Christmas. The ghost of Christmas past, present and yet to come. The ghost of Christmas past visits scrooge first and shows him shadows of his childhood. Scrooge loves money more than people, he lost his girlfriend because of this â€Å"He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog days† this shows that scrooge wants to be isolated. The keywords that show this are â€Å"He carried his own low temperature always about with him† this makes the reader feel sorry for scrooge but also that he pushed her away and now he regrets it. Dickens wanted the reader to learn about childhood in the Victorian times and how the rich always seamed to look down on them.

Automatic Controls for Any Process

Chapter 5Automatic ControlsAutomation plays a really critical function in the development and promotion of any system. Automatic control refers to the control of any procedure, device or a system utilizing automatic agencies instead than manual control. Automation a system is done to better the public presentation and to increase the productiveness of the system. Automatic control has become an built-in portion in every field whether it is industry, robotics, vehicles, power workss, etc. to increase the productiveness, public presentation and efficiency of the system control systems are used to accomplish the mechanization. Control system fundamentally refers to the interconnectedness of the constituents to configure the system to bring forth the coveted end product.5.1 Types of Control SystemThere are fundamentally two types of control systems: Figure 5.1 Basic types of Control systems Closed cringle system is good than unfastened cringle system. The control system used for this undertaking is a closed cringle electronic control unit which can command the end product of the system.5.2 Components of Control systemThere are assorted constituents of control system that includes the procedure whose end product is to be controlled, informations acquisition unit, electronic control unit and end product devices.5.2.1 ProcedureIt is the basic constituent of the control system as this is the constituent whose end product is to be controlled utilizing the automatic control. So it is required to mathematically pattern the procedure to understand the behavior of the input and so bring forth the desired and controlled end product ( Mutambara Arthur 1999 ) . Top of Form Bottom of Form5.2.2 Data Acquisition UnitIt is that unit of the system that can mensurate electrical or physical measure in the signifier of electromotive force, current, temperature, sound, etc. It by and large measures the parallel signal and so treat it utilizing signal conditioning or parallel to digital convertor. The physiological information from the detectors is send to the cardinal unit to be processed. PIC16f73 microcontroller is used as the nucleus of DAU and it performs the parallel to digital transition and so sends the processed end product signal to the end product device. PIC microcontroller is chosen as it provides the necessary functionalities needed to the user. Besides it has high velocity parallel to digital transition ability. PIC microcontroller is farther connected to liquid crystal show ( LCD ) , doorbell and a motor to expose the end product. Basic constituents of DAQ unit: Figure 5.2 Components of DAQ unit ( What is data acquisition? 2014 ) Detector:Sensor is an input device used to mensurate the physiological signals like temperature, light olfactory property, etc. It is besides called transducer that converts a physical signal into measureable electrical signal. The electrical end product of the detector may be in the signifier of current, electromotive force, opposition or other electrical signal depending upon the type of detector used. In this undertaking, intoxicant detector and eye-blink detectors are used which are already discussed in the old chapter 3 and 4. DAQ Device:It is the interface between the input signal from the detector and the computing machine. It is fundamentally used to change over the linear signal coming from the detector into a digital signal which can be easy interpreted by the computing machine. Its chief map is to mensurate the parallel signal utilizing signal conditioning and so change over it into digital signifier. For this undertaking the microcontroller will move as a DAQ device and it will work on the instructions programmed in its memory. Microcontroller used in this undertaking has inbuilt parallel to digital convertor so there is no demand to link parallel to digital convertor externally. Computer System:The DAQ device is connected to the computing machine utilizing a port. The computing machine coach linking the DAQ and the computing machine system acts as a communicating nexus between the computing machine and the DAQ device for go throughing the instructions and the measured informations. In this undertaking, a plan is written in programming package ( Mikro C ) and this plan is fed into the DAQ device utilizing a microcontroller burner and a coach. This connexion between the DAQ device and computing machine is made merely for infixing the codification into it. After that there is no demand for computing machine, the device will execute its maps on its ain ( What is data acquisition? 2014 ) .5.2.3 Electronic Control unitThe electronic control unit ( ECU ) controls the fuel system, ignition system and velocity of the engine. It chiefly consists of microprocessors or microcontrollers, random entree memory ( RAM ) , read merely memory ( ROM ) and input end product devi ces. Based on the information from the input detectors, the ECU determines the end product of the electronics circuit. It is considered as the encephalon of the control system as its work is to take the signal and bring forth the automatically controlled signal required by the end product. Microcontroller serves both the intent of informations acquisition and commanding the end products of the undertaking ( Vincent T, Ciulla 2002 ) .5.2.4 Output ActuatorIt is besides known as end product device that converts the electrical signal into some physical end product. It receives the controlled signal from the electronic control unit in the signifier of electrical signal. It is the device which influences the procedure of the system physically and forces the device to bring forth the coveted end product. The actuator applicable to this undertaking is motor that is used to bespeak the end product of the system. This undertaking besides requires a control unit as the vehicle is automatically controlled in this system.5.3 Types of electronic controlThree types of electronic controls are used majorly in any system ; Figure 5.3 Types of Electronic Controls Comparison between different types of controls is given in the following tabular array based upon their characteristics and public presentation. This comparing is drawn to find the best suited type of control to be used in this undertaking. Table 5.1 Comparison between different types of controlsMicroprocessorMicrocontrollerProgrammable Logic ControlA microprocessor works as a Central Processing Unit of a general intent computing machine.It can be considered as micro computing machine as all the constituents are embedded on a individual bit.It is a specialised system designed to command the industrial procedures and machinery.I/O ports, memory, timers, interrupts, etc are non inbuilt so they are connected externally.Microcontroller has all the excess peripherals like I/O ports, memory, timers, counters, interrupts, etc are built-in inside the bit merely.It has a programmable memory to hive away specific maps like on/off control, timers, counters, arithmetic and informations handling. It has limited figure of inputs and end products.Microprocessors based systems are bulky and really much expensive as it gives really high processing velocity.These are easy available and are less bulky and much cheaper than microprocessors .PLCs are usage programmed for merely peculiar undertakings so their hardware is really dearly-won and need regular care.But its drawback is that it has really few pins that are programmable.Most of the pins of microcontroller are programmable.It is a programmable logic control and uses ladder logic for scheduling.It can merely manage a few spots of instructions as it has really less built-in memory.It has inbuilt memory so it has many spots to manage instructions.It has really small memory which can manage few instructions.It is widely used in desktop computing machines and laptop, notepads, etc due to its high processing velocity.It has moderate processing velocity so it is widely used in little control systems, contraptions like oven, telecastings, etc.It is by and large used for industrial applications for automatic control of industrial machinery, procedure etc.Slightly big size due to excess peripherals and operates above 1Ghz.Small in size and operates from really few MHzs to 30-50 Mhz.Its size varies from little, medium to really big PLC panels.Examples of microprocessors are 8085, 8086, INTEL Pentium series, etc.Examples of microcontrollers are INTEL8051, PIC16f73, PIC16F877, etc.Examples of PLC are industrial control, industrial safety applications, etc.The research worker decided to utilize the microcontroller bit for the processing of detected signals because it is little in size, cheap and consumes less power. It does non necessitate any external input/ end product ports, memory, timers or interrupts as it has all these characteristics inbuilt in its internal architecture. Higher integrating of microcontroller besides reduces the cost and size of the system which serves the basic demand of the user every bit good as the research worker. PLC based systems are really much expensive to be used for this intent ( Basics of microcontrollers 2011 ) .5.3.1 Choice of microcontroller for the undertakingAfter make up one's minding the microcontroller it is o f import to make up one's mind which microcontroller should be used in this peculiar undertaking that can outdo suit the demands of the undertaking. For this intent a comparing between different types of microcontroller is drawn in the undermentioned tabular array. Table 5.2 Comparison of Different MicrocontrollersPropertiesPIC microcontrollerMicrocontroller 8051AVRDirection SetIt is based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) . It has merely 35 set of instructions that makes its architecture easy to larn.It is based on CISC ( Complex direction set calculation ) . It has a big figure of instructions about 250 instructions.It is besides based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) but it has big direction set i.e. non-orthogonal. It has about 140 instructions.Processing SpeedIt can treat 3 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of PIC, clock frequence is divided by 4.It can treat 1 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of 8051, clock frequence is divided by 12.It can treat 12 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of AVR, clock frequence is divided by 1.ADCIts velocity of parallel to digital transition is really fast than AVR’s.It does non hold inbuilt parallel to digital convertors like PIC and AVR.Its parallel to digital transition velocity is slower than PIC.Power ingestionIt has least power ingestion.It consumes the most power out of all the three microcontrollers.It consumer higher power than PIC microcontroller.ProgramingIt is really easy programmable IC as it really easy to code.Cryptography of microcontroller 8051 is besides easy.It has really complex cryptography for novices as compared to other two microcontrollers.MemoryIt has 8k brassy memory, 368?8 byte RAM.It has 256 byte internal RAM and 4k on-chip ROM.It has 8k byte flash memory, 1k byte RAM.Cost and AvailabilityIt is easy available in market and that excessively at low cost.It is besides low lost and easy available.It is dearly-won as compared to 8051 and PIC micro accountant and handiness is besides limited.As detectors are used in this undertaking so it is better to utilize a microcontroller with built-in ADC with fast transition velocity alternatively of utilizing sepa rate ADC after every detection faculty. By maintaining this in head the research worker had studied the characteristics of assorted microcontrollers which can be used to implement the accident bar system and eventually reached to the decision of utilizing PIC ( Peripheral Interface Controller ) microcontroller. Researcher decided to utilize PIC16f73 is used in the undertaking due to its high parallel to digital transition. The pin architecture of PIC16f73 is given figure 5.4.5.4 Architecture of PIC16f73 microcontroller Figure 5.4 Architecture of microcontroller PIC16f73 ( Microchip 2002 ) It is a 28 pin IC and the coveted undertaking can be made utilizing 28 pins with 3 input end product ports. It has 192 byte RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and it is based on RISC architecture with merely 35 set of instructions. It has 8k brassy memory, 4k programmable memory and 368?8 byte RAM. It has 3 ports viz. port A, B and C. Port A consists of 5 parallel to digital channels for ADC transition. Assorted parametric quantities for choosing PIC16f73 microcontroller are listed below.Performance:PIC16f73 microcontroller which will be used in the execution of this undertaking is a 28 pin IC with 3 input-output ports. It besides has 192 bytes of RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and is based on RISC ( Reduced Instruction Set Computation ) architecture for better public presentation of the Accident Prevention System. It has much faster transition velocity of parallel to digital transition than other accountants.Power ingestion:A PIC controlled system has minimal power ingestion with good publi c presentation which is needed by the accident bar system. So this characteristic of PIC is really utile for the system being developed as the system would work on minimum power without compromising the system public presentation.Memory:The accident bar system utilizing intoxicant and oculus winking sensing can be done utilizing the built-in memory of PIC but still if the demand of memory of the system increases. PIC microcontroller besides has 4k programmable brassy memory and most of the PIC based systems are memory expandible and can spread out its memory as per use and type of application. To implement this system its built-in memory is adequate ( Bates Martin, 2011 ) .Therefore from this chapter, the control unit used for this undertaking is finalized. This chapter gives a brief overview of assorted control devices. Comparison between different control systems is drawn. The justification for taking a peculiar control unit is besides given. The short account of microcontroller u sed is besides given in this chapter. Now all the basic constituents to be used in the undertaking are decided. Therefore from the following chapter, design of circuitry and the system will be done. After that this system should be implemented and so tested.